Marathon: A Race Through the Realm of Long Context with Large Language Models
On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation
Abstract (arXiv)
With the advancement of large language models (LLMs) and the expansion of their context windows, existing long-context benchmarks fall short in effectively evaluating the models' comprehension and reasoning abilities in extended texts. Moreover, conventional benchmarks relying on F1 metrics often inaccurately score responses: they may undervalue correct answers that differ from the reference responses and overvalue incorrect ones that resemble the reference texts. In response to these limitations, we introduce Marathon, a novel evaluation benchmark that adopts a multiple-choice question format. It is specifically designed to overcome the constraints of previous benchmarks and provide a rapid, precise, and unbiased appraisal of the long-context comprehension skills of large language models. We conducted comprehensive evaluations on the Marathon benchmark with a range of state-of-the-art LLMs and assessed the effectiveness of various optimization strategies tailored for long-context generation. We anticipate that the Marathon benchmark and its associated leaderboard will enable a more precise and equitable evaluation of LLMs' capabilities in understanding and reasoning over extended contexts. Marathon is available at https://github.com/Hambaobao/Marathon.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 22 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2023.
Builds on
22 of 39 references.
References · 22
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2023Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spacescited by 4,616
- 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,581
- 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,611
- 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,383
- 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,362
- 2023FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioningcited by 2,551
- 2023Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinkscited by 2,115
- 2023LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understandingcited by 1,378
- 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
10 more
- 2023Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolationcited by 721
- 2020Long Range Arena: A Benchmark for Efficient Transformerscited by 696
- 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
- 2023Zephyr: Direct Distillation of LM Alignmentcited by 498
- 2023LongLLMLingua: Accelerating and Enhancing LLMs in Long Context Scenarios via Prompt Compressioncited by 443
- 2023Camels in a Changing Climate: Enhancing LM Adaptation with Tulu 2cited by 227
- 2022SCROLLS: Standardized CompaRison Over Long Language Sequencescited by 170
- 2023Walking Down the Memory Maze: Beyond Context Limit through Interactive Readingcited by 129
- 2023Scaling Transformer to 1M tokens and beyond with RMTcited by 97
- 2023A Brief Report on LawGPT 1.0: A Virtual Legal Assistant Based on GPT-3cited by 46
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
9 papers.
- 2024BABILong: Testing the Limits of LLMs with Long Context Reasoning-in-a-Haystackcited by 211
- 2025NovelHopQA: Diagnosing Multi-Hop Reasoning Failures in Long Narrative Contextscited by 8
- 2024Retrieval Or Holistic Understanding? Dolce: Differentiate Our Long Context Evaluation Taskscited by 3
- 2025M-DocSum: Do LVLMs Genuinely Comprehend Interleaved Image-Text in Document Summarization?cited by 3
- 2025SCALAR: Scientific Citation-based Live Assessment of Long-context Academic Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026KV Cache Offloading for Context-Intensive Taskscited by 1
- 2025ELITE: Embedding-Less retrieval with Iterative Text Explorationcited by 0
- 2025Beyond Isolated Dots: Benchmarking Structured Table Construction as Deep Knowledge Extractioncited by 0
- 2025Investigating LLM Capabilities on Long Context Comprehension for Medical Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2026KV Cache Offloading for Context-Intensive Tasks9 Apr 2026
- 2025Investigating LLM Capabilities on Long Context Comprehension for Medical Question Answering21 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Dots: Benchmarking Structured Table Construction as Deep Knowledge Extraction22 Jul 2025
- 2025NovelHopQA: Diagnosing Multi-Hop Reasoning Failures in Long Narrative Contexts20 May 2025
- 2025ELITE: Embedding-Less retrieval with Iterative Text Exploration17 May 2025
- 2025M-DocSum: Do LVLMs Genuinely Comprehend Interleaved Image-Text in Document Summarization?27 Mar 2025
- 2025SCALAR: Scientific Citation-based Live Assessment of Long-context Academic Reasoning19 Feb 2025
- 2024Retrieval Or Holistic Understanding? Dolce: Differentiate Our Long Context Evaluation Tasks10 Sep 2024
- 2024BABILong: Testing the Limits of LLMs with Long Context Reasoning-in-a-Haystack14 Jun 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025LongReason: A Synthetic Long-Context Reasoning Benchmark via Context Expansion
- 2024Leave No Document Behind: Benchmarking Long-Context LLMs with Extended Multi-Doc QA
- 2025SagaScale: A Realistic, Scalable, and High-Quality Long-Context Benchmark Built from Full-Length Novels
- 2026LongHarness Bench: Stress-Testing Language Model Harnesses for Long-Context Reasoning
- 2024ALR2: A Retrieve-then-Reason Framework for Long-context Question Answering
- 2024Large Language Models Can Self-Improve in Long-context Reasoning
- 2024MMLU-SR: A Benchmark for Stress-Testing Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models
- 2023L-Eval: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Long Context Language Models