Audio Deepfake Detection with Self-Supervised WavLM and Multi-Fusion Attentive Classifier
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the rapid development of speech synthesis and voice conversion technologies, Audio Deepfake has become a serious threat to the Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) system. Numerous countermeasures are proposed to detect this type of attack. In this paper, we report our efforts to combine the self-supervised WavLM model and Multi-Fusion Attentive classifier for audio deepfake detection. Our method exploits the WavLM model to extract features that are more conducive to spoofing detection for the first time. Then, we propose a novel Multi-Fusion Attentive (MFA) classifier based on the Attentive Statistics Pooling (ASP) layer. The MFA captures the complementary information of audio features at both time and layer levels. Experiments demonstrate that our methods achieve state-of-the-art results on the ASVspoof 2021 DF set and provide competitive results on the ASVspoof 2019 and 2021 LA set.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Dec 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 12; 2026: 6.
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- 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detectioncited by 27
- 2024Mixture of Experts Fusion for Fake Audio Detection Using Frozen wav2vec 2.0cited by 20
- 2025Nes2Net: A Lightweight Nested Architecture for Foundation Model Driven Speech Anti-spoofingcited by 17
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2024VoiceShop: A Unified Speech-to-Speech Framework for Identity-Preserving Zero-Shot Voice Editingcited by 7
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
- 2024Easy, Interpretable, Effective: openSMILE for voice deepfake detectioncited by 5
- 2025WaveSP-Net: Learnable Wavelet-Domain Sparse Prompt Tuning for Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 5
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
- 2025Anomaly Detection and Localization for Speech Deepfakes via Feature Pyramid Matchingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
- 2026WaveScat: Wavelet Scattering Front-Ends with Self-Supervised Features for Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
14 more
- 2025End-to-end Audio Deepfake Detection from RAW Waveforms: a RawNet-Based Approach with Cross-Dataset Evaluationcited by 1
- 2025Unraveling Hidden Representations: A Multi-Modal Layer Analysis for Better Synthetic Content Forensicscited by 1
- 2025Curved Worlds, Clear Boundaries: Generalizing Speech Deepfake Detection using Hyperbolic and Spherical Geometry Spacescited by 1
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detectioncited by 1
- 2025SONAR: Spectral-Contrastive Audio Residuals for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Melody or Machine: Detecting Synthetic Music with Dual-Stream Contrastive Learningcited by 1
- 2026Investigating the Viability of Employing Multi-modal Large Language Models in the Context of Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Synthetic Training Data for Speech Commands: From ASR-Based Filtering to Domain Adaptation in SSL Latent Spacecited by 0
- 20253-Tracer: A Tri-level Temporal-Aware Framework for Audio Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 0
- 2025Zero-Shot to Zero-Lies: Detecting Bengali Deepfake Audio through Transfer Learningcited by 0
- 2026HyperPotter: Spell the Charm of High-Order Interactions in Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Supervised Post-training of Speech Foundation Models for Robust Adaptation in Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Detecting Audio Deepfakes on the Edge:Lightweight SSL-Based Detection in a Browser Plugincited by 0
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026Detecting Audio Deepfakes on the Edge:Lightweight SSL-Based Detection in a Browser Plugin29 Jun 2026
- 2026Supervised Post-training of Speech Foundation Models for Robust Adaptation in Speech Deepfake Detection24 Jun 2026
- 2026HyperPotter: Spell the Charm of High-Order Interactions in Audio Deepfake Detection5 Feb 2026
- 2026WaveScat: Wavelet Scattering Front-Ends with Self-Supervised Features for Speech Deepfake Detection3 Feb 2026
- 2026Investigating the Viability of Employing Multi-modal Large Language Models in the Context of Audio Deepfake Detection2 Jan 2026
- 2025Zero-Shot to Zero-Lies: Detecting Bengali Deepfake Audio through Transfer Learning25 Dec 2025
- 2025Melody or Machine: Detecting Synthetic Music with Dual-Stream Contrastive Learning29 Nov 2025
- 2025SONAR: Spectral-Contrastive Audio Residuals for Generalizable Deepfake Detection26 Nov 2025
- 20253-Tracer: A Tri-level Temporal-Aware Framework for Audio Forgery Detection and Localization26 Nov 2025
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detection21 Nov 2025
- 2025Curved Worlds, Clear Boundaries: Generalizing Speech Deepfake Detection using Hyperbolic and Spherical Geometry Spaces13 Nov 2025
14 more
- 2025WaveSP-Net: Learnable Wavelet-Domain Sparse Prompt Tuning for Speech Deepfake Detection6 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2025
- 2025Unraveling Hidden Representations: A Multi-Modal Layer Analysis for Better Synthetic Content Forensics1 Aug 2025
- 2025End-to-end Audio Deepfake Detection from RAW Waveforms: a RawNet-Based Approach with Cross-Dataset Evaluation29 Apr 2025
- 2025Nes2Net: A Lightweight Nested Architecture for Foundation Model Driven Speech Anti-spoofing8 Apr 2025
- 2025Anomaly Detection and Localization for Speech Deepfakes via Feature Pyramid Matching23 Mar 2025
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Survey26 Nov 2024
- 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detection15 Nov 2024
- 2024Enhancing Synthetic Training Data for Speech Commands: From ASR-Based Filtering to Domain Adaptation in SSL Latent Space19 Sep 2024
- 2024Mixture of Experts Fusion for Fake Audio Detection Using Frozen wav2vec 2.018 Sep 2024
- 2024Easy, Interpretable, Effective: openSMILE for voice deepfake detection28 Aug 2024
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detection26 Jul 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Audio Deepfake Detection22 Apr 2024
- 2024VoiceShop: A Unified Speech-to-Speech Framework for Identity-Preserving Zero-Shot Voice Editing10 Apr 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Audio Deepfake Detection22 Apr 2024
- 2025Nes2Net: A Lightweight Nested Architecture for Foundation Model Driven Speech Anti-spoofingcited by 17
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2024VoiceShop: A Unified Speech-to-Speech Framework for Identity-Preserving Zero-Shot Voice Editingcited by 7
- 2024Easy, Interpretable, Effective: openSMILE for voice deepfake detectioncited by 5
- 2025WaveSP-Net: Learnable Wavelet-Domain Sparse Prompt Tuning for Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 5
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
- 2025Anomaly Detection and Localization for Speech Deepfakes via Feature Pyramid Matchingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
- 2026WaveScat: Wavelet Scattering Front-Ends with Self-Supervised Features for Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
- 2025End-to-end Audio Deepfake Detection from RAW Waveforms: a RawNet-Based Approach with Cross-Dataset Evaluationcited by 1
- 2025Unraveling Hidden Representations: A Multi-Modal Layer Analysis for Better Synthetic Content Forensicscited by 1
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detectioncited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026Detecting Audio Deepfakes on the Edge:Lightweight SSL-Based Detection in a Browser Plugin29 Jun 2026
- 2026Supervised Post-training of Speech Foundation Models for Robust Adaptation in Speech Deepfake Detection24 Jun 2026
- 2026HyperPotter: Spell the Charm of High-Order Interactions in Audio Deepfake Detection5 Feb 2026
- 2026WaveScat: Wavelet Scattering Front-Ends with Self-Supervised Features for Speech Deepfake Detection3 Feb 2026
- 2025Zero-Shot to Zero-Lies: Detecting Bengali Deepfake Audio through Transfer Learning25 Dec 2025
- 2025Melody or Machine: Detecting Synthetic Music with Dual-Stream Contrastive Learning29 Nov 2025
- 2025SONAR: Spectral-Contrastive Audio Residuals for Generalizable Deepfake Detection26 Nov 2025
- 20253-Tracer: A Tri-level Temporal-Aware Framework for Audio Forgery Detection and Localization26 Nov 2025
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detection21 Nov 2025
- 2025WaveSP-Net: Learnable Wavelet-Domain Sparse Prompt Tuning for Speech Deepfake Detection6 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2025
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)