mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

InfiMM-Eval: Complex Open-Ended Reasoning Evaluation For Multi-Modal Large Language Models

arXiv 2311.11567 ↗First posted 20 Nov 2023cs.CVcited by 14

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

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Abstract (arXiv)

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly prominent in the field of artificial intelligence. These models not only excel in traditional vision-language tasks but also demonstrate impressive performance in contemporary multi-modal benchmarks. Although many of these benchmarks attempt to holistically evaluate MLLMs, they typically concentrate on basic reasoning tasks, often yielding only simple yes/no or multi-choice responses. These methods naturally lead to confusion and difficulties in conclusively determining the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. To mitigate this issue, we manually curate a benchmark dataset specifically designed for MLLMs, with a focus on complex reasoning tasks. Our benchmark comprises three key reasoning categories: deductive, abductive, and analogical reasoning. The queries in our dataset are intentionally constructed to engage the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs in the process of generating answers. For a fair comparison across various MLLMs, we incorporate intermediate reasoning steps into our evaluation criteria. In instances where an MLLM is unable to produce a definitive answer, its reasoning ability is evaluated by requesting intermediate reasoning steps. If these steps align with our manual annotations, appropriate scores are assigned. This evaluation scheme resembles methods commonly used in human assessments, such as exams or assignments, and represents what we consider a more effective assessment technique compared with existing benchmarks. We evaluate a selection of representative MLLMs using this rigorously developed open-ended multi-step elaborate reasoning benchmark, designed to challenge and accurately measure their reasoning capabilities. The code and data will be released at https://infimm.github.io/InfiMM-Eval/

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Nov 2023.

Builds on

20 of 82 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  2. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul

Other references · 18

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  3. 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 2,993
  4. 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,689
  5. 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,483
  6. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,179
  7. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
  8. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,624
  9. 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,227
  10. 2023SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs with Generative Comprehensioncited by 929
  11. 2022A Survey on In-context Learningcited by 717
  12. 2022Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 593
6 more
  1. 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Modelscited by 560
  2. 2023OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documentscited by 316
  3. 2023Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 200
  4. 2023SVIT: Scaling up Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 161
  5. 2023Text-to-Audio Generation using Instruction-Tuned LLM and Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 145
  6. 2023Natural Language Reasoning, A Surveycited by 61

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2025MMLU-Reason: Benchmarking Multi-Task Multi-modal Language Understanding and Reasoning
  2. 2025MMReason: An Open-Ended Multi-Modal Multi-Step Reasoning Benchmark for MLLMs Toward AGI
  3. 2024Exploring the Reasoning Abilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs): A Comprehensive Survey on Emerging Trends in Multimodal Reasoning
  4. 2025LENS: Multi-level Evaluation of Multimodal Reasoning with Large Language Models
  5. 2025MDK12-Bench: A Multi-Discipline Benchmark for Evaluating Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models
  6. 2025MME-Reasoning: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Logical Reasoning in MLLMs
  7. 2025Reasoning Multimodal Large Language Model: Data Contamination and Dynamic Evaluation
  8. 2024A Survey on Benchmarks of Multimodal Large Language Models