InfiMM-Eval: Complex Open-Ended Reasoning Evaluation For Multi-Modal Large Language Models
On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly prominent in the field of artificial intelligence. These models not only excel in traditional vision-language tasks but also demonstrate impressive performance in contemporary multi-modal benchmarks. Although many of these benchmarks attempt to holistically evaluate MLLMs, they typically concentrate on basic reasoning tasks, often yielding only simple yes/no or multi-choice responses. These methods naturally lead to confusion and difficulties in conclusively determining the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. To mitigate this issue, we manually curate a benchmark dataset specifically designed for MLLMs, with a focus on complex reasoning tasks. Our benchmark comprises three key reasoning categories: deductive, abductive, and analogical reasoning. The queries in our dataset are intentionally constructed to engage the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs in the process of generating answers. For a fair comparison across various MLLMs, we incorporate intermediate reasoning steps into our evaluation criteria. In instances where an MLLM is unable to produce a definitive answer, its reasoning ability is evaluated by requesting intermediate reasoning steps. If these steps align with our manual annotations, appropriate scores are assigned. This evaluation scheme resembles methods commonly used in human assessments, such as exams or assignments, and represents what we consider a more effective assessment technique compared with existing benchmarks. We evaluate a selection of representative MLLMs using this rigorously developed open-ended multi-step elaborate reasoning benchmark, designed to challenge and accurately measure their reasoning capabilities. The code and data will be released at https://infimm.github.io/InfiMM-Eval/
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Nov 2023.
Builds on
20 of 82 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
- 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul
Other references · 18
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 2,993
- 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,689
- 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,483
- 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,179
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
- 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,624
- 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,227
- 2023SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs with Generative Comprehensioncited by 929
- 2022A Survey on In-context Learningcited by 717
- 2022Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 593
6 more
- 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Modelscited by 560
- 2023OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documentscited by 316
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 200
- 2023SVIT: Scaling up Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 161
- 2023Text-to-Audio Generation using Instruction-Tuned LLM and Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 145
- 2023Natural Language Reasoning, A Surveycited by 61
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2024InfiMM-HD: A Leap Forward in High-Resolution Multimodal Understanding3 Mar 2024
- 2024SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Models8 Feb 2024
- 2024SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 130
- 2024MME-Survey: A Comprehensive Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal LLMscited by 72
- 2024MIA-Bench: Towards Better Instruction Following Evaluation of Multimodal LLMscited by 62
- 2024Prism: A Framework for Decoupling and Assessing the Capabilities of VLMscited by 32
- 2024InfiMM-HD: A Leap Forward in High-Resolution Multimodal Understandingcited by 11
- 2024Visual Anchors Are Strong Information Aggregators For Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 8
- 2025Pearl: A Multimodal Culturally-Aware Arabic Instruction Datasetcited by 6
- 2024COCO is "ALL'' You Need for Visual Instruction Fine-tuningcited by 3
- 2025Pearl: A Multimodal Culturally-Aware Arabic Instruction Dataset28 May 2025
- 2024MME-Survey: A Comprehensive Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal LLMs22 Nov 2024
- 2024MIA-Bench: Towards Better Instruction Following Evaluation of Multimodal LLMs1 Jul 2024
- 2024Prism: A Framework for Decoupling and Assessing the Capabilities of VLMs20 Jun 2024
- 2024Visual Anchors Are Strong Information Aggregators For Multimodal Large Language Model28 May 2024
- 2024InfiMM-HD: A Leap Forward in High-Resolution Multimodal Understanding3 Mar 2024
- 2024SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Models8 Feb 2024
- 2024COCO is "ALL'' You Need for Visual Instruction Fine-tuning17 Jan 2024
- 2025VisuLogic: A Benchmark for Evaluating Visual Reasoning in Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 102
- 2024The Curious Case of Nonverbal Abstract Reasoning with Multi-Modal Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2026Children's Intelligence Tests Pose Challenges for MLLMs? KidGym: A 2D Grid-Based Reasoning Benchmark for MLLMscited by 2
- 2026Children's Intelligence Tests Pose Challenges for MLLMs? KidGym: A 2D Grid-Based Reasoning Benchmark for MLLMs2 Mar 2026
- 2025VisuLogic: A Benchmark for Evaluating Visual Reasoning in Multi-modal Large Language Models21 Apr 2025
- 2024The Curious Case of Nonverbal Abstract Reasoning with Multi-Modal Large Language Models22 Jan 2024
- 2024VLMEvalKit: An Open-Source Toolkit for Evaluating Large Multi-Modality Modelscited by 443
- 2024The Future of Intelligent Healthcare: A Systematic Analysis and Discussion on the Integration and Impact of Robots Using Large Language Models for Healthcarecited by 2
- 2026AEGIS: Exploring the Limit of World Knowledge Capabilities for Unified Mulitmodal Modelscited by 1
- 2026AEGIS: Exploring the Limit of World Knowledge Capabilities for Unified Mulitmodal Models2 Jan 2026
- 2024The Future of Intelligent Healthcare: A Systematic Analysis and Discussion on the Integration and Impact of Robots Using Large Language Models for Healthcare5 Nov 2024
- 2024VLMEvalKit: An Open-Source Toolkit for Evaluating Large Multi-Modality Models16 Jul 2024
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