Explaining black boxes with a SMILE: Statistical Model-agnostic Interpretability with Local Explanations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning is currently undergoing an explosion in capability, popularity, and sophistication. However, one of the major barriers to widespread acceptance of machine learning (ML) is trustworthiness: most ML models operate as black boxes, their inner workings opaque and mysterious, and it can be difficult to trust their conclusions without understanding how those conclusions are reached. Explainability is therefore a key aspect of improving trustworthiness: the ability to better understand, interpret, and anticipate the behaviour of ML models. To this end, we propose SMILE, a new method that builds on previous approaches by making use of statistical distance measures to improve explainability while remaining applicable to a wide range of input data domains.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Nov 2023.
Builds on
8 of 16 references.
References · 8
- 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,555
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,070
- 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,384
- 2019Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AIcited by 1,552
- 2019Fooling LIME and SHAP: Adversarial Attacks on Post hoc Explanation Methodscited by 443
- 2019Interpretations are useful: penalizing explanations to align neural networks with prior knowledgecited by 145
- 2021S-LIME: Stabilized-LIME for Model Explanationcited by 52
- 2020BayLIME: Bayesian Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanationscited by 51
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
8 papers.
- 2024Explainability of Point Cloud Neural Networks Using SMILE: Statistical Model-Agnostic Interpretability with Local Explanationscited by 4
- 2025Explaining Large Language Models with gSMILEcited by 4
- 2025Explainable Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) with KG-SMILEcited by 4
- 2024Mapping the Mind of an Instruction-based Image Editing using SMILEcited by 3
- 2025Q-SafeML: Safety Assessment of Quantum Machine Learning via Quantum Distance Metricscited by 1
- 2026ConceptSMILE: Auditing the Trustworthiness of Concept-Based Explainable AIcited by 1
- 2025Incorporating Failure of Machine Learning in Dynamic Probabilistic Safety Assurancecited by 0
- 2025Safer Skin Lesion Classification with Global Class Activation Probability Map Evaluation and SafeMLcited by 0
- 2026ConceptSMILE: Auditing the Trustworthiness of Concept-Based Explainable AI10 Jul 2026
- 2025Q-SafeML: Safety Assessment of Quantum Machine Learning via Quantum Distance Metrics4 Sep 2025
- 2025Explainable Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) with KG-SMILE3 Sep 2025
- 2025Safer Skin Lesion Classification with Global Class Activation Probability Map Evaluation and SafeML28 Aug 2025
- 2025Incorporating Failure of Machine Learning in Dynamic Probabilistic Safety Assurance7 Jun 2025
- 2025Explaining Large Language Models with gSMILE27 May 2025
- 2024Mapping the Mind of an Instruction-based Image Editing using SMILE20 Dec 2024
- 2024Explainability of Point Cloud Neural Networks Using SMILE: Statistical Model-Agnostic Interpretability with Local Explanations20 Oct 2024