Trusted Source Alignment in Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) are trained on web-scale corpora that inevitably include contradictory factual information from sources of varying reliability. In this paper, we propose measuring an LLM property called trusted source alignment (TSA): the model's propensity to align with content produced by trusted publishers in the face of uncertainty or controversy. We present FactCheckQA, a TSA evaluation dataset based on a corpus of fact checking articles. We describe a simple protocol for evaluating TSA and offer a detailed analysis of design considerations including response extraction, claim contextualization, and bias in prompt formulation. Applying the protocol to PaLM-2, we find that as we scale up the model size, the model performance on FactCheckQA improves from near-random to up to 80% balanced accuracy in aligning with trusted sources.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Nov 2023.
Builds on
22 of 40 references.
References · 22
- 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
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- 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,512
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- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,936
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,375
- 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,220
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,162
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- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 773
10 more
- 2020Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claimscited by 554
- 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 363
- 2019MultiFC: A Real-World Multi-Domain Dataset for Evidence-Based Fact Checking of Claimscited by 169
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- 2021Truthful AI: Developing and governing AI that does not liecited by 113
- 2022Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Large Language Models Through News Summarizationcited by 92
- 2021X-FACT: A New Benchmark Dataset for Multilingual Fact Checkingcited by 91
- 2020Multi-Fact Correction in Abstractive Text Summarizationcited by 66
- 2023BoardgameQA: A Dataset for Natural Language Reasoning with Contradictory Informationcited by 44
- 2020Facts as Experts: Adaptable and Interpretable Neural Memory over Symbolic Knowledgecited by 37
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
4 papers.
- 2024How Susceptible are LLMs to Influence in Prompts?cited by 33
- 2024The Future of Large Language Model Pre-training is Federatedcited by 30
- 2025Resolving Conflicting Evidence in Automated Fact-Checking: A Study on Retrieval-Augmented LLMscited by 16
- 2024Dynamic Normativity: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Value Alignmentcited by 3
- 2025Resolving Conflicting Evidence in Automated Fact-Checking: A Study on Retrieval-Augmented LLMs23 May 2025
- 2024How Susceptible are LLMs to Influence in Prompts?17 Aug 2024
- 2024Dynamic Normativity: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Value Alignment16 Jun 2024
- 2024The Future of Large Language Model Pre-training is Federated17 May 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Verifiable by Design: Aligning Language Models to Quote from Pre-Training Data
- 2024FactAlign: Long-form Factuality Alignment of Large Language Models
- 2024ABC Align: Large Language Model Alignment for Safety & Accuracy
- 2025Long-Form Information Alignment Evaluation Beyond Atomic Facts
- 2023On the Safety of Open-Sourced Large Language Models: Does Alignment Really Prevent Them From Being Misused?
- 2026Towards Comprehensive Stage-wise Benchmarking of Large Language Models in Fact-Checking
- 2025Incentive-Aligned Multi-Source LLM Summaries
- 2025Direct Confidence Alignment: Aligning Verbalized Confidence with Internal Confidence In Large Language Models