Large Language Models are biased to overestimate profoundness
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in natural language processing by large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, have been suggested to approach Artificial General Intelligence. And yet, it is still under dispute whether LLMs possess similar reasoning abilities to humans. This study evaluates GPT-4 and various other LLMs in judging the profoundness of mundane, motivational, and pseudo-profound statements. We found a significant statement-to-statement correlation between the LLMs and humans, irrespective of the type of statements and the prompting technique used. However, LLMs systematically overestimate the profoundness of nonsensical statements, with the exception of Tk-instruct, which uniquely underestimates the profoundness of statements. Only few-shot learning prompts, as opposed to chain-of-thought prompting, draw LLMs ratings closer to humans. Furthermore, this work provides insights into the potential biases induced by Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), inducing an increase in the bias to overestimate the profoundness of statements.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2023.
Builds on
16 of 28 references.
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4 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
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- 2024CausalGraph2LLM: Evaluating LLMs for Causal Queriescited by 12
- 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2024Is the Pope Catholic? Yes, the Pope is Catholic. Generative Evaluation of Non-Literal Intent Resolution in LLMscited by 1
- 2024Desert Camels and Oil Sheikhs: Arab-Centric Red Teaming of Frontier LLMscited by 1
- 2026Understanding LLM Evaluator Behavior: A Structured Multi-Evaluator Framework for Merchant Risk Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026Understanding LLM Evaluator Behavior: A Structured Multi-Evaluator Framework for Merchant Risk Assessment4 Feb 2026
- 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directions8 Jun 2025
- 2025ViLBench: A Suite for Vision-Language Process Reward Modeling26 Mar 2025
- 2024Desert Camels and Oil Sheikhs: Arab-Centric Red Teaming of Frontier LLMs31 Oct 2024
- 2024CausalGraph2LLM: Evaluating LLMs for Causal Queries21 Oct 2024
- 2024Is the Pope Catholic? Yes, the Pope is Catholic. Generative Evaluation of Non-Literal Intent Resolution in LLMs14 May 2024
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