Program Translation via Code Distillation
On the map: Mechanistic interpretability → Knowledge and representations inside LLMs
Abstract (arXiv)
Software version migration and program translation are an important and costly part of the lifecycle of large codebases. Traditional machine translation relies on parallel corpora for supervised translation, which is not feasible for program translation due to a dearth of aligned data. Recent unsupervised neural machine translation techniques have overcome data limitations by included techniques such as back translation and low level compiler intermediate representations (IR). These methods face significant challenges due to the noise in code snippet alignment and the diversity of IRs respectively. In this paper we propose a novel model called Code Distillation (CoDist) whereby we capture the semantic and structural equivalence of code in a language agnostic intermediate representation. Distilled code serves as a translation pivot for any programming language, leading by construction to parallel corpora which scale to all available source code by simply applying the distillation compiler. We demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on CodeXGLUE and TransCoder GeeksForGeeks translation benchmarks, with an average absolute increase of 12.7% on the TransCoder GeeksforGeeks translation benchmark compare to TransCoder-ST.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Knowledge and representations inside LLMs, one of 13 directions in Mechanistic interpretability. Builds on 17 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2023.
Builds on
17 of 24 references.
References · 17
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5 more
- 2017Unsupervised Neural Machine Translationcited by 149
- 2021Leveraging Automated Unit Tests for Unsupervised Code Translationcited by 82
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
10 papers.
- 2025Learning to Focus: Causal Attention Distillation via Gradient-Guided Token Pruningcited by 13
- 2024AI Coders Are Among Us: Rethinking Programming Language Grammar Towards Efficient Code Generationcited by 10
- 2025Function-to-Style Guidance of LLMs for Code Translationcited by 4
- 2025On-Policy Optimization with Group Equivalent Preference for Multi-Programming Language Understandingcited by 2
- 2025ReasonBridge: Efficient Reasoning Transfer from Closed to Open-Source Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025Learning Bug Context for PyTorch-to-JAX Translation with LLMscited by 0
- 2026Prompt-Driven Code Summarization: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 0
- 2026Improving Code Translation with Syntax-Guided and Semantic-aware Preference Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026XSearch: Explainable Code Search via Concept-to-Code Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026ORCA: Evaluating LLMs on Data Science Code Translationcited by 0
- 2026ORCA: Evaluating LLMs on Data Science Code Translation25 Sep 2026
- 2026XSearch: Explainable Code Search via Concept-to-Code Alignment15 May 2026
- 2026Improving Code Translation with Syntax-Guided and Semantic-aware Preference Optimization13 May 2026
- 2026Prompt-Driven Code Summarization: A Systematic Literature Review16 Apr 2026
- 2025Learning Bug Context for PyTorch-to-JAX Translation with LLMs10 Oct 2025
- 2025Function-to-Style Guidance of LLMs for Code Translation15 Jul 2025
- 2025ReasonBridge: Efficient Reasoning Transfer from Closed to Open-Source Language Models28 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning to Focus: Causal Attention Distillation via Gradient-Guided Token Pruning9 Jun 2025
- 2025On-Policy Optimization with Group Equivalent Preference for Multi-Programming Language Understanding19 May 2025
- 2024AI Coders Are Among Us: Rethinking Programming Language Grammar Towards Efficient Code Generation25 Apr 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Neural Code Translation of Legacy Code: APL to C# ↗
- 2024InterTrans: Leveraging Transitive Intermediate Translations to Enhance LLM-based Code Translation
- 2025ACT: Bridging the Gap in Code Translation through Synthetic Data Generation & Adaptive Training
- 2025QiMeng-MuPa: Mutual-Supervised Learning for Sequential-to-Parallel Code Translation
- 2024TransAgent: Enhancing LLM-Based Code Translation via Fine-Grained Execution Alignment
- 2026CodePivot: Bootstrapping Multilingual Transpilation in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning without Parallel Corpora
- 2025Automated Snippet-Alignment Data Augmentation for Code Translation
- 2026Fine-Tuning Qwen3-27B for C-to-Rust Code Translation: A Three-Stage Curriculum of Pretraining, Debugging-Aware SFT, and Task-Specific SFT