Prescribed Fire Modeling using Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning for Land Management

In recent years, the increasing threat of devastating wildfires has underscored the need for effective prescribed fire management. Process-based computer simulations have traditionally been employed to plan prescribed fires for wildfire prevention. However, even simplified process models like QUIC-Fire are too compute-intensive to be used for real-time decision-making, especially when weather conditions change rapidly. Traditional ML methods used for fire modeling offer computational speedup but struggle with physically inconsistent predictions, biased predictions due to class imbalance, biased estimates for fire spread metrics (e.g., burned area, rate of spread), and generalizability in out-of-distribution wind conditions. This paper introduces a novel machine learning (ML) framework that enables rapid emulation of prescribed fires while addressing these concerns. By incorporating domain knowledge, the proposed method helps reduce physical inconsistencies in fuel density estimates in data-scarce scenarios. To overcome the majority class bias in predictions, we leverage pre-existing source domain data to augment training data and learn the spread of fire more effectively. Finally, we overcome the problem of biased estimation of fire spread metrics by incorporating a hierarchical modeling structure to capture the interdependence in fuel density and burned area. Notably, improvement in fire metric (e.g., burned area) estimates offered by our framework makes it useful for fire managers, who often rely on these fire metric estimates to make decisions about prescribed burn management. Furthermore, our framework exhibits better generalization capabilities than the other ML-based fire modeling methods across diverse wind conditions and ignition patterns.