mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SPELL: Semantic Prompt Evolution based on a LLM

arXiv 2310.01260 ↗First posted 2 Oct 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks the fluency or could not globally adjust a prompt. Since large language models (LLMs) have powerful ability of generating coherent texts token by token, can we utilize LLMs for improving prompts? Based on this motivation, in this paper, considering a trained LLM as a text generator, we attempt to design a black-box evolution algorithm for automatically optimizing texts, namely SPELL (Semantic Prompt Evolution based on a LLM). The proposed method is evaluated with different LLMs and evolution parameters in different text tasks. Experimental results show that SPELL could rapidly improve the prompts indeed. We further explore the evolution process and discuss on the limitations, potential possibilities and future work.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Oct 2023.

Builds on

21 of 31 references.

References · 21

  1. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  2. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  3. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  4. 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
  5. 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
  6. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
  7. 2022Visual Prompt Tuningcited by 1,674
  8. 2020Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 1,255
  9. 2023Large Language Models as Optimizerscited by 830
  10. 2019Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLPcited by 709
  11. 2021Learning How to Ask: Querying LMs with Mixtures of Soft Promptscited by 376
  12. 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 361
9 more
  1. 2022Black-Box Tuning for Language-Model-as-a-Servicecited by 254
  2. 2023EvoPrompt: Connecting LLMs with Evolutionary Algorithms Yields Powerful Prompt Optimizerscited by 189
  3. 2022GrIPS: Gradient-free, Edit-based Instruction Search for Prompting Large Language Modelscited by 127
  4. 2021Differentiable Prompt Makes Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 115
  5. 2022Visual Prompt Tuning for Generative Transfer Learningcited by 75
  6. 2022BBTv2: Towards a Gradient-Free Future with Large Language Modelscited by 53
  7. 2022TEMPERA: Test-Time Prompting via Reinforcement Learningcited by 50
  8. 2022PromptBoosting: Black-Box Text Classification with Ten Forward Passescited by 36
  9. 2023Contrastive Graph Prompt-tuning for Cross-domain Recommendationcited by 9

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 6.

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