SPELL: Semantic Prompt Evolution based on a LLM
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Abstract (arXiv)
Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks the fluency or could not globally adjust a prompt. Since large language models (LLMs) have powerful ability of generating coherent texts token by token, can we utilize LLMs for improving prompts? Based on this motivation, in this paper, considering a trained LLM as a text generator, we attempt to design a black-box evolution algorithm for automatically optimizing texts, namely SPELL (Semantic Prompt Evolution based on a LLM). The proposed method is evaluated with different LLMs and evolution parameters in different text tasks. Experimental results show that SPELL could rapidly improve the prompts indeed. We further explore the evolution process and discuss on the limitations, potential possibilities and future work.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Oct 2023.
Builds on
21 of 31 references.
References · 21
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
- 2022Visual Prompt Tuningcited by 1,674
- 2020Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 1,255
- 2023Large Language Models as Optimizerscited by 830
- 2019Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLPcited by 709
- 2021Learning How to Ask: Querying LMs with Mixtures of Soft Promptscited by 376
- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 361
9 more
- 2022Black-Box Tuning for Language-Model-as-a-Servicecited by 254
- 2023EvoPrompt: Connecting LLMs with Evolutionary Algorithms Yields Powerful Prompt Optimizerscited by 189
- 2022GrIPS: Gradient-free, Edit-based Instruction Search for Prompting Large Language Modelscited by 127
- 2021Differentiable Prompt Makes Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 115
- 2022Visual Prompt Tuning for Generative Transfer Learningcited by 75
- 2022BBTv2: Towards a Gradient-Free Future with Large Language Modelscited by 53
- 2022TEMPERA: Test-Time Prompting via Reinforcement Learningcited by 50
- 2022PromptBoosting: Black-Box Text Classification with Ten Forward Passescited by 36
- 2023Contrastive Graph Prompt-tuning for Cross-domain Recommendationcited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 6.
14 papers.
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- 2024Evolutionary Computation in the Era of Large Language Model: Survey and Roadmapcited by 89
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMscited by 72
- 2024Large Language Models As Evolution Strategiescited by 57
- 2024When Large Language Models Meet Evolutionary Algorithms: Potential Enhancements and Challengescited by 20
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflectioncited by 18
- 2024Deep Insights into Automated Optimization with Large Language Models and Evolutionary Algorithmscited by 12
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithmcited by 6
- 2024Automated Prompt Engineering for Cost-Effective Code Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithmcited by 5
- 2024Identify Critical Nodes in Complex Network with Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025MeLA: A Metacognitive LLM-Driven Architecture for Automatic Heuristic Designcited by 4
- 2025MOPrompt: Multi-objective Semantic Evolution for Prompt Optimizationcited by 4
- 2025Can Large Language Models Be Trusted as Evolutionary Optimizers for Network-Structured Combinatorial Problems?cited by 3
2 more
- 2025ReflectivePrompt: Reflective evolution in autoprompting algorithms26 Aug 2025
- 2025MOPrompt: Multi-objective Semantic Evolution for Prompt Optimization3 Aug 2025
- 2025MeLA: A Metacognitive LLM-Driven Architecture for Automatic Heuristic Design28 Jul 2025
- 2025Grammar-Guided Evolutionary Search for Discrete Prompt Optimisation14 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithm26 Feb 2025
- 2025Can Large Language Models Be Trusted as Evolutionary Optimizers for Network-Structured Combinatorial Problems?25 Jan 2025
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflection12 Nov 2024
- 2024Deep Insights into Automated Optimization with Large Language Models and Evolutionary Algorithms28 Oct 2024
- 2024Automated Prompt Engineering for Cost-Effective Code Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithm20 Aug 2024
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMs27 May 2024
- 2024Identify Critical Nodes in Complex Network with Large Language Models1 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Language Models As Evolution Strategies28 Feb 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Computation in the Era of Large Language Model: Survey and Roadmapcited by 89
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMscited by 72
- 2024Large Language Models As Evolution Strategiescited by 57
- 2024When Large Language Models Meet Evolutionary Algorithms: Potential Enhancements and Challengescited by 20
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflectioncited by 18
- 2024Deep Insights into Automated Optimization with Large Language Models and Evolutionary Algorithmscited by 12
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithmcited by 6
- 2024Automated Prompt Engineering for Cost-Effective Code Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithmcited by 5
- 2024Identify Critical Nodes in Complex Network with Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025MeLA: A Metacognitive LLM-Driven Architecture for Automatic Heuristic Designcited by 4
- 2025MOPrompt: Multi-objective Semantic Evolution for Prompt Optimizationcited by 4
- 2025Can Large Language Models Be Trusted as Evolutionary Optimizers for Network-Structured Combinatorial Problems?cited by 3
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2025ReflectivePrompt: Reflective evolution in autoprompting algorithms26 Aug 2025
- 2025MOPrompt: Multi-objective Semantic Evolution for Prompt Optimization3 Aug 2025
- 2025MeLA: A Metacognitive LLM-Driven Architecture for Automatic Heuristic Design28 Jul 2025
- 2025Grammar-Guided Evolutionary Search for Discrete Prompt Optimisation14 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithm26 Feb 2025
- 2025Can Large Language Models Be Trusted as Evolutionary Optimizers for Network-Structured Combinatorial Problems?25 Jan 2025
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflection12 Nov 2024
- 2024Deep Insights into Automated Optimization with Large Language Models and Evolutionary Algorithms28 Oct 2024
- 2024Automated Prompt Engineering for Cost-Effective Code Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithm20 Aug 2024
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMs27 May 2024
- 2024Identify Critical Nodes in Complex Network with Large Language Models1 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Language Models As Evolution Strategies28 Feb 2024
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)