mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Goal-Oriented Prompt Attack and Safety Evaluation for LLMs

arXiv 2309.11830 ↗First posted 21 Sep 2023cs.CLcited by 24

On the map: LLM safety and security → Prompt injection and agent security

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) presents significant priority in text understanding and generation. However, LLMs suffer from the risk of generating harmful contents especially while being employed to applications. There are several black-box attack methods, such as Prompt Attack, which can change the behaviour of LLMs and induce LLMs to generate unexpected answers with harmful contents. Researchers are interested in Prompt Attack and Defense with LLMs, while there is no publicly available dataset with high successful attacking rate to evaluate the abilities of defending prompt attack. In this paper, we introduce a pipeline to construct high-quality prompt attack samples, along with a Chinese prompt attack dataset called CPAD. Our prompts aim to induce LLMs to generate unexpected outputs with several carefully designed prompt attack templates and widely concerned attacking contents. Different from previous datasets involving safety estimation, we construct the prompts considering three dimensions: contents, attacking methods and goals. Especially, the attacking goals indicate the behaviour expected after successfully attacking the LLMs, thus the responses can be easily evaluated and analysed. We run several popular Chinese LLMs on our dataset, and the results show that our prompts are significantly harmful to LLMs, with around 70% attack success rate to GPT-3.5. CPAD is publicly available at https://github.com/liuchengyuan123/CPAD.

Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompt injection and agent security, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 15 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2023.

Builds on

15 of 21 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Multi-step Jailbreaking Privacy Attacks on ChatGPT11 Apr
  2. 2023Not what you've signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection23 Feb

Other references · 13

  1. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  4. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
  5. 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,811
  6. 2019Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferencescited by 2,150
  7. 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 966
  8. 2022GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Modelcited by 843
  9. 2022Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Modelscited by 832
  10. 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 762
  11. 2019Using Pre-Training Can Improve Model Robustness and Uncertaintycited by 373
  12. 2021Understanding the Capabilities, Limitations, and Societal Impact of Large Language Modelscited by 160
1 more
  1. 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibilitycited by 85

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 11; 2025: 12.

24 papers.

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  1. 2024A StrongREJECT for Empty Jailbreakscited by 385
  2. 2024Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses Against Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 230
  3. 2024JailbreakZoo: Survey, Landscapes, and Horizons in Jailbreaking Large Language and Vision-Language Modelscited by 70
  4. 2024A Safe Harbor for AI Evaluation and Red Teamingcited by 47
  5. 2023Prompt Packer: Deceiving LLMs through Compositional Instruction with Hidden Attackscited by 35
  6. 2025Toward Generalizable Evaluation in the LLM Era: A Survey Beyond Benchmarkscited by 28
  7. 2025Fine-Tuning Lowers Safety and Disrupts Evaluation Consistencycited by 27
  8. 2025The Scales of Justitia: A Comprehensive Survey on Safety Evaluation of LLMscited by 26
  9. 2025An Empirical Study of LLM-as-a-Judge: How Design Choices Impact Evaluation Reliabilitycited by 19
  10. 2024A Chinese Dataset for Evaluating the Safeguards in Large Language Modelscited by 12
  11. 2025GuidedBench: Measuring and Mitigating the Evaluation Discrepancies of In-the-wild LLM Jailbreak Methodscited by 12
  12. 2025K2-Think: A Parameter-Efficient Reasoning Systemcited by 11
12 more
  1. 2024SEAS: Self-Evolving Adversarial Safety Optimization for Large Language Modelscited by 9
  2. 2024RACONTEUR: A Knowledgeable, Insightful, and Portable LLM-Powered Shell Command Explainercited by 9
  3. 2024Recent advancements in LLM Red-Teaming: Techniques, Defenses, and Ethical Considerationscited by 8
  4. 2025SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defensescited by 5
  5. 2025Rubric-Conditioned LLM Grading: Alignment, Uncertainty, and Robustnesscited by 5
  6. 2025Jailbreaking Attacks vs. Content Safety Filters: How Far Are We in the LLM Safety Arms Race?cited by 3
  7. 2024Libra-Leaderboard: Towards Responsible AI through a Balanced Leaderboard of Safety and Capabilitycited by 2
  8. 2024SoK: Towards Security and Safety of Edge AIcited by 1
  9. 2025SoK: A Comprehensive Security Analysis of Jailbreak Resilience in GPT and DeepSeek Modelscited by 1
  10. 2025LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systemscited by 1
  11. 2024Knowledge-to-Jailbreak: Investigating Knowledge-driven Jailbreaking Attacks for Large Language Modelscited by 0
  12. 2025TASO: Jailbreak LLMs via Alternative Template and Suffix Optimizationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Automatic and Universal Prompt Injection Attacks against Large Language Models
  2. 2025Breaking to Build: A Threat Model of Prompt-Based Attacks for Securing LLMs
  3. 2023Attack Prompt Generation for Red Teaming and Defending Large Language Models
  4. 2024Defense Against Prompt Injection Attack by Leveraging Attack Techniques
  5. 2025Prompt Injection as an Emerging Threat: Evaluating the Resilience of Large Language Models
  6. 2024PROMPTFUZZ: Harnessing Fuzzing Techniques for Robust Testing of Prompt Injection in LLMs
  7. 2024Breaking Down the Defenses: A Comparative Survey of Attacks on Large Language Models
  8. 2025Attack and defense techniques in large language models: A survey and new perspectives