Tryage: Real-time, intelligent Routing of User Prompts to Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
The introduction of the transformer architecture and the self-attention mechanism has led to an explosive production of language models trained on specific downstream tasks and data domains. With over 200, 000 models in the Hugging Face ecosystem, users grapple with selecting and optimizing models to suit multifaceted workflows and data domains while addressing computational, security, and recency concerns. There is an urgent need for machine learning frameworks that can eliminate the burden of model selection and customization and unleash the incredible power of the vast emerging model library for end users. Here, we propose a context-aware routing system, Tryage, that leverages a language model router for optimal selection of expert models from a model library based on analysis of individual input prompts. Inspired by the thalamic router in the brain, Tryage employs a perceptive router to predict down-stream model performance on prompts and, then, makes a routing decision using an objective function that integrates performance predictions with user goals and constraints that are incorporated through flags (e.g., model size, model recency). Tryage allows users to explore a Pareto front and automatically trade-off between task accuracy and secondary goals including minimization of model size, recency, security, verbosity, and readability. Across heterogeneous data sets that include code, text, clinical data, and patents, the Tryage framework surpasses Gorilla and GPT3.5 turbo in dynamic model selection identifying the optimal model with an accuracy of 50.9% , compared to 23.6% by GPT 3.5 Turbo and 10.8% by Gorilla. Conceptually, Tryage demonstrates how routing models can be applied to program and control the behavior of multi-model LLM systems to maximize efficient use of the expanding and evolving language model ecosystem.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2023.
Builds on
8 of 16 references.
References · 8
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,403
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
- 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,411
- 2018The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Finding Sparse, Trainable Neural Networkscited by 2,262
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIscited by 1,332
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 8; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.
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- 2024RouterBench: A Benchmark for Multi-LLM Routing Systemcited by 238
- 2024Language Model Cascades: Token-level uncertainty and beyondcited by 121
- 2025Universal Model Routing for Efficient LLM Inferencecited by 86
- 2024A Unified Approach to Routing and Cascading for LLMscited by 80
- 2024MetaLLM: A High-performant and Cost-efficient Dynamic Framework for Wrapping LLMscited by 41
- 2024Meta Reasoning for Large Language Modelscited by 29
- 2025RouterArena: An Open Platform for Comprehensive Comparison of LLM Routerscited by 22
- 2025Doing More with Less: A Survey on Routing Strategies for Resource Optimisation in Large Language Model-Based Systemscited by 20
- 2025Cost-Aware Contrastive Routing for LLMscited by 16
- 2026Graph-of-Agents: A Graph-based Framework for Multi-Agent LLM Collaborationcited by 16
- 2024Cascade-Aware Training of Language Modelscited by 15
- 2025Efficient Training-Free Online Routing for High-Volume Multi-LLM Servingcited by 13
18 more
- 2025Rethinking Predictive Modeling for LLM Routing: When Simple kNN Beats Complex Learned Routerscited by 11
- 2025Rational Tuning of LLM Cascades via Probabilistic Modelingcited by 10
- 2023Towards Robust Multi-Modal Reasoning via Model Selectioncited by 6
- 2024Efficiently Deploying LLMs with Controlled Riskcited by 5
- 2025Towards Efficient Multi-LLM Inference: Characterization and Analysis of LLM Routing and Hierarchical Techniquescited by 5
- 2025Economic Evaluation of LLMscited by 5
- 2025CARGO: A Framework for Confidence-Aware Routing of Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026Optimizing the Cost-Quality Tradeoff of Agentic Theorem Provers in Leancited by 3
- 2023Herd: Using multiple, smaller LLMs to match the performances of proprietary, large LLMs via an intelligent composercited by 1
- 2025CONCUR: A Framework for Continual Constrained and Unconstrained Routingcited by 1
- 2026Online Pandora's Box for Contextual LLM Cascadingcited by 1
- 2026Training-Free versus Training-Based Intent Classification in LLMs: Accuracy, Robustness, and Failure Modescited by 1
- 2024Leveraging Open-Source Large Language Models for encoding Social Determinants of Health using an Intelligent Routercited by 0
- 2025A Greedy PDE Router for Blending Neural Operators and Classical Methodscited by 0
- 2026Capturing LLM Capabilities via Evidence-Calibrated Query Clusteringcited by 0
- 2026When Efficiency Backfires: Cascading LLMs Trigger Cascade Failure under Adversarial Attackcited by 0
- 2026Codifying the Judge: Scalable Evaluation via Program Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Student-Guided Teacher Distillation for Efficient LLM Task Routing: Positioning Against Jev-Style System-1 Classifierscited by 0
- 2026Student-Guided Teacher Distillation for Efficient LLM Task Routing: Positioning Against Jev-Style System-1 Classifiers1 Oct 2026
- 2026Training-Free versus Training-Based Intent Classification in LLMs: Accuracy, Robustness, and Failure Modes3 Aug 2026
- 2026Online Pandora's Box for Contextual LLM Cascading5 Jun 2026
- 2026Optimizing the Cost-Quality Tradeoff of Agentic Theorem Provers in Lean3 Jun 2026
- 2026Codifying the Judge: Scalable Evaluation via Program Distillation29 May 2026
- 2026When Efficiency Backfires: Cascading LLMs Trigger Cascade Failure under Adversarial Attack17 May 2026
- 2026Capturing LLM Capabilities via Evidence-Calibrated Query Clustering16 May 2026
- 2026Graph-of-Agents: A Graph-based Framework for Multi-Agent LLM Collaboration18 Apr 2026
- 2025CONCUR: A Framework for Continual Constrained and Unconstrained Routing10 Dec 2025
- 2025RouterArena: An Open Platform for Comprehensive Comparison of LLM Routers30 Sep 2025
- 2025A Greedy PDE Router for Blending Neural Operators and Classical Methods29 Sep 2025
- 2025CARGO: A Framework for Confidence-Aware Routing of Large Language Models18 Sep 2025
18 more
- 2025Efficient Training-Free Online Routing for High-Volume Multi-LLM Serving2 Sep 2025
- 2025Cost-Aware Contrastive Routing for LLMs17 Aug 2025
- 2025Economic Evaluation of LLMs4 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Efficient Multi-LLM Inference: Characterization and Analysis of LLM Routing and Hierarchical Techniques6 Jun 2025
- 2025Rethinking Predictive Modeling for LLM Routing: When Simple kNN Beats Complex Learned Routers19 May 2025
- 2025Universal Model Routing for Efficient LLM Inference12 Feb 2025
- 2025Doing More with Less: A Survey on Routing Strategies for Resource Optimisation in Large Language Model-Based Systems1 Feb 2025
- 2025Rational Tuning of LLM Cascades via Probabilistic Modeling16 Jan 2025
- 2024A Unified Approach to Routing and Cascading for LLMs14 Oct 2024
- 2024Efficiently Deploying LLMs with Controlled Risk3 Oct 2024
- 2024MetaLLM: A High-performant and Cost-efficient Dynamic Framework for Wrapping LLMs15 Jul 2024
- 2024Meta Reasoning for Large Language Models17 Jun 2024
- 2024Leveraging Open-Source Large Language Models for encoding Social Determinants of Health using an Intelligent Router30 May 2024
- 2024Cascade-Aware Training of Language Models29 May 2024
- 2024Language Model Cascades: Token-level uncertainty and beyond15 Apr 2024
- 2024RouterBench: A Benchmark for Multi-LLM Routing System18 Mar 2024
- 2023Herd: Using multiple, smaller LLMs to match the performances of proprietary, large LLMs via an intelligent composer30 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Robust Multi-Modal Reasoning via Model Selection12 Oct 2023
- 2024RouterBench: A Benchmark for Multi-LLM Routing Systemcited by 238
- 2024Language Model Cascades: Token-level uncertainty and beyondcited by 121
- 2024MetaLLM: A High-performant and Cost-efficient Dynamic Framework for Wrapping LLMscited by 41
- 2025RouterArena: An Open Platform for Comprehensive Comparison of LLM Routerscited by 22
- 2025Doing More with Less: A Survey on Routing Strategies for Resource Optimisation in Large Language Model-Based Systemscited by 20
- 2025Cost-Aware Contrastive Routing for LLMscited by 16
- 2024Cascade-Aware Training of Language Modelscited by 15
- 2025Rational Tuning of LLM Cascades via Probabilistic Modelingcited by 10
- 2024Efficiently Deploying LLMs with Controlled Riskcited by 5
- 2025Towards Efficient Multi-LLM Inference: Characterization and Analysis of LLM Routing and Hierarchical Techniquescited by 5
- 2025Economic Evaluation of LLMscited by 5
- 2025CARGO: A Framework for Confidence-Aware Routing of Large Language Modelscited by 3
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Student-Guided Teacher Distillation for Efficient LLM Task Routing: Positioning Against Jev-Style System-1 Classifiers1 Oct 2026
- 2026Training-Free versus Training-Based Intent Classification in LLMs: Accuracy, Robustness, and Failure Modes3 Aug 2026
- 2026Online Pandora's Box for Contextual LLM Cascading5 Jun 2026
- 2026Codifying the Judge: Scalable Evaluation via Program Distillation29 May 2026
- 2026When Efficiency Backfires: Cascading LLMs Trigger Cascade Failure under Adversarial Attack17 May 2026
- 2026Capturing LLM Capabilities via Evidence-Calibrated Query Clustering16 May 2026
- 2025CONCUR: A Framework for Continual Constrained and Unconstrained Routing10 Dec 2025
- 2025RouterArena: An Open Platform for Comprehensive Comparison of LLM Routers30 Sep 2025
- 2025A Greedy PDE Router for Blending Neural Operators and Classical Methods29 Sep 2025
- 2025CARGO: A Framework for Confidence-Aware Routing of Large Language Models18 Sep 2025
- 2025Cost-Aware Contrastive Routing for LLMs17 Aug 2025
- 2025Economic Evaluation of LLMs4 Jul 2025
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)