Comparing normalizing flows and diffusion models for prosody and acoustic modelling in text-to-speech
On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music
Abstract (arXiv)
Neural text-to-speech systems are often optimized on L1/L2 losses, which make strong assumptions about the distributions of the target data space. Aiming to improve those assumptions, Normalizing Flows and Diffusion Probabilistic Models were recently proposed as alternatives. In this paper, we compare traditional L1/L2-based approaches to diffusion and flow-based approaches for the tasks of prosody and mel-spectrogram prediction for text-to-speech synthesis. We use a prosody model to generate log-f0 and duration features, which are used to condition an acoustic model that generates mel-spectrograms. Experimental results demonstrate that the flow-based model achieves the best performance for spectrogram prediction, improving over equivalent diffusion and L1 models. Meanwhile, both diffusion and flow-based prosody predictors result in significant improvements over a typical L2-trained prosody models.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 20 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2023.
Builds on
20 of 26 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2021Grad-TTS: A Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Text-to-Speech13 May
- 2021Diff-TTS: A Denoising Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speech3 Apr
Other references · 18
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- 2022iEmoTTS: Toward Robust Cross-Speaker Emotion Transfer and Control for Speech Synthesis based on Disentanglement between Prosody and Timbrecited by 15
6 more
- 2021Non-Autoregressive TTS with Explicit Duration Modelling for Low-Resource Highly Expressive Speechcited by 14
- 2022Text-free non-parallel many-to-many voice conversion using normalising flowscited by 10
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- 2022Remap, warp and attend: Non-parallel many-to-many accent conversion with Normalizing Flowscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Investigating Stochastic Methods for Prosody Modeling in Speech Synthesis
- 2023Diverse and Expressive Speech Prosody Prediction with Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model
- 2023DiffProsody: Diffusion-based Latent Prosody Generation for Expressive Speech Synthesis with Prosody Conditional Adversarial Training
- 2024LAFMA: A Latent Flow Matching Model for Text-to-Audio Generation
- 2023Minimally-Supervised Speech Synthesis with Conditional Diffusion Model and Language Model: A Comparative Study of Semantic Coding
- 2024SimpleSpeech 2: Towards Simple and Efficient Text-to-Speech with Flow-based Scalar Latent Transformer Diffusion Models
- 2023ReFlow-TTS: A Rectified Flow Model for High-fidelity Text-to-Speech
- 2021On the Interplay Between Sparsity, Naturalness, Intelligibility, and Prosody in Speech Synthesis