This is not correct! Negation-aware Evaluation of Language Generation Systems
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models underestimate the impact of negations on how much they change the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, learned evaluation metrics based on these models are insensitive to negations. In this paper, we propose NegBLEURT, a negation-aware version of the BLEURT evaluation metric. For that, we designed a rule-based sentence negation tool and used it to create the CANNOT negation evaluation dataset. Based on this dataset, we fine-tuned a sentence transformer and an evaluation metric to improve their negation sensitivity. Evaluating these models on existing benchmarks shows that our fine-tuned models outperform existing metrics on the negated sentences by far while preserving their base models' performances on other perturbations.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2023.
Builds on
18 of 28 references.
References · 18
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,196
- 2020MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understandingcited by 973
- 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 711
- 2022MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 623
- 2019What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language modelscited by 317
- 2019Negated and Misprimed Probes for Pretrained Language Models: Birds Can Talk, But Cannot Flycited by 240
- 2021Learning Compact Metrics for MTcited by 93
- 2021Understanding by Understanding Not: Modeling Negation in Language Modelscited by 73
6 more
- 2021Perturbation CheckLists for Evaluating NLG Evaluation Metricscited by 49
- 2019NegBERT: A Transfer Learning Approach for Negation Detection and Scope Resolutioncited by 36
- 2022DEMETR: Diagnosing Evaluation Metrics for Translationcited by 36
- 2022Not another Negation Benchmark: The NaN-NLI Test Suite for Sub-clausal Negationcited by 24
- 2022Improving negation detection with negation-focused pre-trainingcited by 14
- 2020Multi-task Learning of Negation and Speculation for Targeted Sentiment Classificationcited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 2.
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- 2025Exploring the Impact of Temperature on Large Language Models:Hot or Cold?cited by 40
- 2024Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practicescited by 19
- 2024How and where does CLIP process negation?cited by 16
- 2025Negation: A Pink Elephant in the Large Language Models' Room?cited by 7
- 2025Quantifying Cognitive Bias Induction in LLM-Generated Contentcited by 6
- 2025Thunder-NUBench: A Benchmark for LLMs' Sentence-Level Negation Understandingcited by 5
- 2024CASA: Causality-driven Argument Sufficiency Assessmentcited by 4
- 2025PARC: A Quantitative Framework Uncovering the Symmetries within Vision Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Semantic Adapter for Universal Text Embeddings: Diagnosing and Mitigating Negation Blindness to Enhance Universalitycited by 1
- 2025CliniBench: A Clinical Outcome Prediction Benchmark for Generative and Encoder-Based Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Explainable Semantic Textual Similarity via Dissimilar Span Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Similarity Gates Approve Reversals: A Validity Audit of Embedding-Cosine Thresholds in Agent Systemscited by 1
4 more
- 2025Real-World Summarization: When Evaluation Reaches Its Limitscited by 0
- 2025NegBLEURT Forest: Leveraging Inconsistencies for Detecting Jailbreak Attackscited by 0
- 2025Examining the Metrics for Document-Level Claim Extraction in Czech and Slovakcited by 0
- 2025The Effect of Negation on CLIP in Medical Imaging: Limitations of Contrastive Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 0
- 2026Similarity Gates Approve Reversals: A Validity Audit of Embedding-Cosine Thresholds in Agent Systems10 Aug 2026
- 2026Explainable Semantic Textual Similarity via Dissimilar Span Detection22 Mar 2026
- 2025The Effect of Negation on CLIP in Medical Imaging: Limitations of Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining18 Dec 2025
- 2025Examining the Metrics for Document-Level Claim Extraction in Czech and Slovak18 Nov 2025
- 2025NegBLEURT Forest: Leveraging Inconsistencies for Detecting Jailbreak Attacks14 Nov 2025
- 2025CliniBench: A Clinical Outcome Prediction Benchmark for Generative and Encoder-Based Language Models30 Sep 2025
- 2025Real-World Summarization: When Evaluation Reaches Its Limits15 Jul 2025
- 2025Quantifying Cognitive Bias Induction in LLM-Generated Content3 Jul 2025
- 2025Thunder-NUBench: A Benchmark for LLMs' Sentence-Level Negation Understanding17 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring the Impact of Temperature on Large Language Models:Hot or Cold?8 Jun 2025
- 2025PARC: A Quantitative Framework Uncovering the Symmetries within Vision Language Models3 Jun 2025
- 2025Semantic Adapter for Universal Text Embeddings: Diagnosing and Mitigating Negation Blindness to Enhance Universality1 Apr 2025
4 more
- 2025Negation: A Pink Elephant in the Large Language Models' Room?28 Mar 2025
- 2024Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practices17 Aug 2024
- 2024How and where does CLIP process negation?15 Jul 2024
- 2024CASA: Causality-driven Argument Sufficiency Assessment10 Jan 2024
- 2025Exploring the Impact of Temperature on Large Language Models:Hot or Cold?cited by 40
- 2024Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practicescited by 19
- 2024How and where does CLIP process negation?cited by 16
- 2025Quantifying Cognitive Bias Induction in LLM-Generated Contentcited by 6
- 2025Thunder-NUBench: A Benchmark for LLMs' Sentence-Level Negation Understandingcited by 5
- 2024CASA: Causality-driven Argument Sufficiency Assessmentcited by 4
- 2025Semantic Adapter for Universal Text Embeddings: Diagnosing and Mitigating Negation Blindness to Enhance Universalitycited by 1
- 2025CliniBench: A Clinical Outcome Prediction Benchmark for Generative and Encoder-Based Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Explainable Semantic Textual Similarity via Dissimilar Span Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Similarity Gates Approve Reversals: A Validity Audit of Embedding-Cosine Thresholds in Agent Systemscited by 1
- 2025Real-World Summarization: When Evaluation Reaches Its Limitscited by 0
- 2025Examining the Metrics for Document-Level Claim Extraction in Czech and Slovakcited by 0
- 2026Similarity Gates Approve Reversals: A Validity Audit of Embedding-Cosine Thresholds in Agent Systems10 Aug 2026
- 2026Explainable Semantic Textual Similarity via Dissimilar Span Detection22 Mar 2026
- 2025Examining the Metrics for Document-Level Claim Extraction in Czech and Slovak18 Nov 2025
- 2025CliniBench: A Clinical Outcome Prediction Benchmark for Generative and Encoder-Based Language Models30 Sep 2025
- 2025Real-World Summarization: When Evaluation Reaches Its Limits15 Jul 2025
- 2025Quantifying Cognitive Bias Induction in LLM-Generated Content3 Jul 2025
- 2025Thunder-NUBench: A Benchmark for LLMs' Sentence-Level Negation Understanding17 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring the Impact of Temperature on Large Language Models:Hot or Cold?8 Jun 2025
- 2025Semantic Adapter for Universal Text Embeddings: Diagnosing and Mitigating Negation Blindness to Enhance Universality1 Apr 2025
- 2024Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practices17 Aug 2024
- 2024How and where does CLIP process negation?15 Jul 2024
- 2024CASA: Causality-driven Argument Sufficiency Assessment10 Jan 2024