mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

This is not correct! Negation-aware Evaluation of Language Generation Systems

arXiv 2307.13989 ↗First posted 26 Jul 2023cs.CL cs.LGcited by 16

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models underestimate the impact of negations on how much they change the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, learned evaluation metrics based on these models are insensitive to negations. In this paper, we propose NegBLEURT, a negation-aware version of the BLEURT evaluation metric. For that, we designed a rule-based sentence negation tool and used it to create the CANNOT negation evaluation dataset. Based on this dataset, we fine-tuned a sentence transformer and an evaluation metric to improve their negation sensitivity. Evaluating these models on existing benchmarks shows that our fine-tuned models outperform existing metrics on the negated sentences by far while preserving their base models' performances on other perturbations.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2023.

Builds on

18 of 28 references.

References · 18

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  3. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
  4. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  5. 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,196
  6. 2020MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understandingcited by 973
  7. 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 711
  8. 2022MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 623
  9. 2019What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language modelscited by 317
  10. 2019Negated and Misprimed Probes for Pretrained Language Models: Birds Can Talk, But Cannot Flycited by 240
  11. 2021Learning Compact Metrics for MTcited by 93
  12. 2021Understanding by Understanding Not: Modeling Negation in Language Modelscited by 73
6 more
  1. 2021Perturbation CheckLists for Evaluating NLG Evaluation Metricscited by 49
  2. 2019NegBERT: A Transfer Learning Approach for Negation Detection and Scope Resolutioncited by 36
  3. 2022DEMETR: Diagnosing Evaluation Metrics for Translationcited by 36
  4. 2022Not another Negation Benchmark: The NaN-NLI Test Suite for Sub-clausal Negationcited by 24
  5. 2022Improving negation detection with negation-focused pre-trainingcited by 14
  6. 2020Multi-task Learning of Negation and Speculation for Targeted Sentiment Classificationcited by 7

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 2.

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