mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Prompt Generate Train (PGT): Few-shot Domain Adaption of Retrieval Augmented Generation Models for Open Book Question-Answering

arXiv 2307.05915 ↗First posted 12 Jul 2023cs.LGcited by 1

On the map: Retrieval-augmented generation → RAG robustness and adaptive retrieval

Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a framework - Prompt, Generate, Train (PGT) - to efficiently develop a generative question-answering model for open-book question-answering over a proprietary collection of text documents. The framework adapts a retriever augmented generation (RAG) model to the target domain using supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning with synthetic feedback in a few-shot setting. This, we hypothesize, will yield an aligned, uncertainty calibrated model that is competitive with GPT-4 based in-context retrieval augmented generation in generating relevant answers at lower serving costs. The framework's synthetic generation pipeline will generate synthetic training data comprising <passage, question, answer> tuples using an open-source LLM and a novel consistency filtering scheme. The pipeline will be designed to generate both abstractive and extractive questions that span the entire corpus. The framework proposes to fine-tune a smaller RAG model comprising a dense retriever (ColBERTv2) and a smaller sized LLM on the synthetic dataset. In parallel, the framework will train a Reward model to score domain grounded answers higher than hallucinated answers using an a priori relevance ordering of synthetically assembled samples. In the next phase, the framework will align the RAG model with the target domain using reinforcement learning (Proximal Policy Optimization). This step may improve the RAG model's ability to generate grounded answers and ignore out of domain questions. In the final phase, the framework will calibrate the model's uncertainty for extractive question-answers.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in RAG robustness and adaptive retrieval, one of 15 directions in Retrieval-augmented generation. Builds on 23 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2023.

Builds on

23 of 31 references.

References · 23

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  5. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  6. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  7. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,141
  8. 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,856
  9. 2020ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERTcited by 1,178
  10. 2022Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Modelscited by 952
  11. 2023FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performancecited by 853
  12. 2023REPLUG: Retrieval-Augmented Black-Box Language Modelscited by 792
11 more
  1. 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 751
  2. 2023Distilling Step-by-Step! Outperforming Larger Language Models with Less Training Data and Smaller Model Sizescited by 737
  3. 2023In-Context Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 702
  4. 2019Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 695
  5. 2020UnifiedQA: Crossing Format Boundaries With a Single QA Systemcited by 476
  6. 2023Generating with Confidence: Uncertainty Quantification for Black-box Large Language Modelscited by 293
  7. 2023The False Promise of Imitating Proprietary LLMscited by 263
  8. 2022Promptagator: Few-shot Dense Retrieval From 8 Examplescited by 235
  9. 2020Relevance-guided Supervision for OpenQA with ColBERTcited by 71
  10. 2023UDAPDR: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation via LLM Prompting and Distillation of Rerankerscited by 37
  11. 2023InPars Toolkit: A Unified and Reproducible Synthetic Data Generation Pipeline for Neural Information Retrievalcited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1.

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  1. 2024SimRAG: Self-Improving Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Adapting Large Language Models to Specialized Domains
  2. 2025RAG-RL: Advancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation via RL and Curriculum Learning
  3. 2024RE-RAG: Improving Open-Domain QA Performance and Interpretability with Relevance Estimator in Retrieval-Augmented Generation
  4. 2025From Retrieval to Generation: Comparing Different Approaches
  5. 2024Retrieval Augmented Generation for Domain-specific Question Answering
  6. 2024RichRAG: Crafting Rich Responses for Multi-faceted Queries in Retrieval-Augmented Generation
  7. 2025Adapting Large Language Models for Multi-Domain Retrieval-Augmented-Generation
  8. 2020Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answering