mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Distilling Large Vision-Language Model with Out-of-Distribution Generalizability

arXiv 2307.03135 ↗First posted 6 Jul 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 33

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Prompt learning and adaptation of CLIP

Abstract (arXiv)

Large vision-language models have achieved outstanding performance, but their size and computational requirements make their deployment on resource-constrained devices and time-sensitive tasks impractical. Model distillation, the process of creating smaller, faster models that maintain the performance of larger models, is a promising direction towards the solution. This paper investigates the distillation of visual representations in large teacher vision-language models into lightweight student models using a small- or mid-scale dataset. Notably, this study focuses on open-vocabulary out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, a challenging problem that has been overlooked in previous model distillation literature. We propose two principles from vision and language modality perspectives to enhance student's OOD generalization: (1) by better imitating teacher's visual representation space, and carefully promoting better coherence in vision-language alignment with the teacher; (2) by enriching the teacher's language representations with informative and finegrained semantic attributes to effectively distinguish between different labels. We propose several metrics and conduct extensive experiments to investigate their techniques. The results demonstrate significant improvements in zero-shot and few-shot student performance on open-vocabulary out-of-distribution classification, highlighting the effectiveness of our proposed approaches. Poster: https://xuanlinli17.github.io/pdfs/iccv23_large_vlm_distillation_poster.pdf Code: https://github.com/xuanlinli17/large_vlm_distillation_ood

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompt learning and adaptation of CLIP, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 61 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2023.

Builds on

61 of 74 references.

Closest ancestors · 6

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Unified Vision and Language Prompt Learning13 Oct
  2. 2022Conditional Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models10 Mar
  3. 2021Tip-Adapter: Training-free CLIP-Adapter for Better Vision-Language Modeling6 Nov
  4. 2021CLIP-Adapter: Better Vision-Language Models with Feature Adapters9 Oct
  5. 2021CPT: Colorful Prompt Tuning for Pre-trained Vision-Language Models24 Sep
  6. 2021Learning to Prompt for Vision-Language Models2 Sep

Other references · 55

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  4. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  5. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  6. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  7. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,442
  8. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
  9. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  10. 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,586
  11. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,386
  12. 2022BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generationcited by 4,322
38 more
  1. 2017MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applicationscited by 3,845
  2. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
  3. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
  4. 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,431
  5. 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
  6. 2019RandAugment: Practical automated data augmentation with a reduced search spacecited by 2,269
  7. 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,061
  8. 2016Understanding deep learning requires rethinking generalizationcited by 1,674
  9. 2021Align before Fuse: Vision and Language Representation Learning with Momentum Distillationcited by 1,619
  10. 2021LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairscited by 1,555
  11. 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,470
  12. 2021Grounded Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 1,156
  13. 2017A Closer Look at Memorization in Deep Networkscited by 942
  14. 2021Open-vocabulary Object Detection via Vision and Language Knowledge Distillationcited by 906
  15. 2019Relational Knowledge Distillationcited by 889
  16. 2021MDETR -- Modulated Detection for End-to-End Multi-Modal Understandingcited by 819
  17. 2021Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Visioncited by 804
  18. 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matterscited by 754
  19. 2019Contrastive Representation Distillationcited by 748
  20. 2022Language-driven Semantic Segmentationcited by 717
  21. 2021SimVLM: Simple Visual Language Model Pretraining with Weak Supervisioncited by 647
  22. 2021RegionCLIP: Region-based Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 616
  23. 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 559
  24. 2022Image as a Foreign Language: BEiT Pretraining for All Vision and Vision-Language Taskscited by 511
  25. 2018Meta-Learning for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Classificationcited by 456
  26. 2020Understanding the Behaviour of Contrastive Losscited by 398
  27. 2023ManiSkill2: A Unified Benchmark for Generalizable Manipulation Skillscited by 327
  28. 2021How Much Can CLIP Benefit Vision-and-Language Tasks?cited by 321
  29. 2021Distilling Knowledge via Knowledge Reviewcited by 288
  30. 2022What does a platypus look like? Generating customized prompts for zero-shot image classificationcited by 267
  31. 2022TinyViT: Fast Pretraining Distillation for Small Vision Transformerscited by 234
  32. 2021Design Guidelines for Prompt Engineering Text-to-Image Generative Modelscited by 218
  33. 2022MaskCLIP: Masked Self-Distillation Advances Contrastive Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 187
  34. 2023OpenShape: Scaling Up 3D Shape Representation Towards Open-World Understandingcited by 184
  35. 2021SEED: Self-supervised Distillation For Visual Representationcited by 134
  36. 2022DualCoOp: Fast Adaptation to Multi-Label Recognition with Limited Annotationscited by 102
  37. 2015Benchmarking in Manipulation Research: The YCB Object and Model Set and Benchmarking Protocolscited by 99
  38. 2021Compressing Visual-linguistic Model via Knowledge Distillationcited by 86

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 11; 2026: 7.

33 papers.

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  1. 2023How Many Unicorns Are in This Image? A Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Vision LLMscited by 108
  2. 2023CLIP-KD: An Empirical Study of CLIP Model Distillationcited by 87
  3. 2024Multi-Frame, Lightweight & Efficient Vision-Language Models for Question Answering in Autonomous Drivingcited by 52
  4. 2024Transfer CLIP for Generalizable Image Denoisingcited by 29
  5. 2025Advances in Multimodal Adaptation and Generalization: From Traditional Approaches to Foundation Modelscited by 23
  6. 2024ImageNet-D: Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness on Diffusion Synthetic Objectcited by 22
  7. 2024Overcoming the Pitfalls of Vision-Language Model Finetuning for OOD Generalizationcited by 17
  8. 2023Knowledge Transfer from Vision Foundation Models for Efficient Training of Small Task-specific Modelscited by 15
  9. 2024PracticalDG: Perturbation Distillation on Vision-Language Models for Hybrid Domain Generalizationcited by 15
  10. 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Reviewcited by 14
  11. 2024FastCLIP: A Suite of Optimization Techniques to Accelerate CLIP Training with Limited Resourcescited by 9
  12. 2025Generalizing vision-language models to novel domains: A comprehensive surveycited by 7
21 more
  1. 2025Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving Perception: A Survey Through Core Capabilitiescited by 6
  2. 2024Zero-Shot Distillation for Image Encoders: How to Make Effective Use of Synthetic Datacited by 4
  3. 2025VCM: Vision Concept Modeling Based on Implicit Contrastive Learning with Vision-Language Instruction Fine-Tuningcited by 3
  4. 2025Flipping Knowledge Distillation: Leveraging Small Models' Expertise to Enhance LLMs in Text Matchingcited by 3
  5. 2025Honey, I Shrunk the Language Model: Impact of Knowledge Distillation Methods on Performance and Explainabilitycited by 2
  6. 2025Online In-Context Distillation for Low-Resource Vision Language Modelscited by 2
  7. 2023Leveraging Generative Language Models for Weakly Supervised Sentence Component Analysis in Video-Language Joint Learningcited by 1
  8. 2024Open-Vocabulary Object Detection via Neighboring Region Attention Alignmentcited by 1
  9. 2024LaVIDE: Language-Prompted Satellite Change Detection via Map-Image Alignmentcited by 1
  10. 2025Pastiche Novel Generation Creating: Fan Fiction You Love in Your Favorite Author's Stylecited by 1
  11. 2023Weight Averaging Improves Knowledge Distillation under Domain Shiftcited by 0
  12. 2024CLIP-PING: Boosting Lightweight Vision-Language Models with Proximus Intrinsic Neighbors Guidancecited by 0
  13. 2025VLCD: Vision-Language Contrastive Distillation for Accurate and Efficient Automatic Placenta Analysiscited by 0
  14. 2025A benchmark multimodal oro-dental dataset for large vision-language modelscited by 0
  15. 2026LinMU: Multimodal Understanding Made Linearcited by 0
  16. 2026Multi-Agent Cooperative Learning for Robust Vision-Language Alignment under OOD Conceptscited by 0
  17. 2026Drive-KD: Multi-Teacher Distillation for VLMs in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
  18. 2026Bridging the Semantic Chasm: Synergistic Conceptual Anchoring for Generalized Few-Shot and Zero-Shot OOD Perceptioncited by 0
  19. 2026Edge Reliability Gap in Vision-Language Models: Quantifying Failure Modes of Compressed VLMs Under Visual Corruptioncited by 0
  20. 2026TRACER: Persistent Regularization for Robust Multimodal Finetuningcited by 0
  21. 2026Beyond Reconstruction Loss in Post-Training Quantization: Balanced Fitting for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 0

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  1. 2023Leveraging Vision-Language Models for Improving Domain Generalization in Image Classification
  2. 2023A Sentence Speaks a Thousand Images: Domain Generalization through Distilling CLIP with Language Guidance
  3. 2026Large Language Model Teaches Visual Students: Cross-Modality Transfer of Fine-Grained Conceptual Knowledge
  4. 2024POINTS: Improving Your Vision-language Model with Affordable Strategies
  5. 2026The Professor: Multi-Teacher Unsupervised Prompt Distillation for Vision-Language Models
  6. 2026Distill What the Student Can See: Fisher-Projected On-Policy Distillation for Vision-Language Models
  7. 2025When Better Teachers Don't Make Better Students: Revisiting Knowledge Distillation for CLIP Models in VQA
  8. 2025EM-KD: Distilling Efficient Multimodal Large Language Model with Unbalanced Vision Tokens