Retrieving Supporting Evidence for LLMs Generated Answers
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current large language models (LLMs) can exhibit near-human levels of performance on many natural language tasks, including open-domain question answering. Unfortunately, they also convincingly hallucinate incorrect answers, so that responses to questions must be verified against external sources before they can be accepted at face value. In this paper, we report a simple experiment to automatically verify generated answers against a corpus. After presenting a question to an LLM and receiving a generated answer, we query the corpus with the combination of the question + generated answer. We then present the LLM with the combination of the question + generated answer + retrieved answer, prompting it to indicate if the generated answer can be supported by the retrieved answer. We base our experiment on questions and passages from the MS MARCO (V1) test collection, exploring three retrieval approaches ranging from standard BM25 to a full question answering stack, including a reader based on the LLM. For a large fraction of questions, we find that an LLM is capable of verifying its generated answer if appropriate supporting material is provided. However, with an accuracy of 70-80%, this approach cannot be fully relied upon to detect hallucinations.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Jun 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 7; 2025: 8.
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- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
- 2023ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 265
- 2023Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 84
- 2023RECALL: A Benchmark for LLMs Robustness against External Counterfactual Knowledgecited by 51
- 2024Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 44
- 2025Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models with Metamorphic Relationscited by 24
- 2024A Probabilistic Framework for LLM Hallucination Detection via Belief Tree Propagationcited by 21
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 13
- 2024FG-PRM: Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Mitigation in Language Model Mathematical Reasoningcited by 12
- 2023AutoHall: Automated Factuality Hallucination Dataset Generation for Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025QuIM-RAG: Advancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Inverted Question Matching for Enhanced QA Performancecited by 6
9 more
- 2024Post-Hoc Answer Attribution for Grounded and Trustworthy Long Document Comprehension: Task, Insights, and Challengescited by 5
- 2025Distributional Semantics Tracing: A Framework for Explaining Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025HIDE and Seek: Detecting Hallucinations in Language Models via Decoupled Representationscited by 2
- 2025Principled Detection of Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Multiple Testingcited by 2
- 2023Sequencing Matters: A Generate-Retrieve-Generate Model for Building Conversational Agentscited by 1
- 2024Unlocking Multi-View Insights in Knowledge-Dense Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
- 2025HealthBranches: Synthesizing Clinically-Grounded Question Answering Datasets via Decision Pathwayscited by 1
- 2024Diagnosing Medical Datasets with Training Dynamicscited by 0
- 2025HalluDetect: Detecting, Mitigating, and Benchmarking Hallucinations in Conversational Systems in the Legal Domaincited by 0
- 2025Distributional Semantics Tracing: A Framework for Explaining Hallucinations in Large Language Models7 Oct 2025
- 2025HalluDetect: Detecting, Mitigating, and Benchmarking Hallucinations in Conversational Systems in the Legal Domain15 Sep 2025
- 2025Principled Detection of Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Multiple Testing25 Aug 2025
- 2025HealthBranches: Synthesizing Clinically-Grounded Question Answering Datasets via Decision Pathways10 Aug 2025
- 2025HIDE and Seek: Detecting Hallucinations in Language Models via Decoupled Representations21 Jun 2025
- 2025Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models with Metamorphic Relations20 Feb 2025
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detection17 Feb 2025
- 2025QuIM-RAG: Advancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Inverted Question Matching for Enhanced QA Performance6 Jan 2025
- 2024Diagnosing Medical Datasets with Training Dynamics3 Nov 2024
- 2024FG-PRM: Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Mitigation in Language Model Mathematical Reasoning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Models8 Jul 2024
9 more
- 2024A Probabilistic Framework for LLM Hallucination Detection via Belief Tree Propagation11 Jun 2024
- 2024Post-Hoc Answer Attribution for Grounded and Trustworthy Long Document Comprehension: Task, Insights, and Challenges11 Jun 2024
- 2024Unlocking Multi-View Insights in Knowledge-Dense Retrieval-Augmented Generation19 Apr 2024
- 2023Sequencing Matters: A Generate-Retrieve-Generate Model for Building Conversational Agents16 Nov 2023
- 2023ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems16 Nov 2023
- 2023RECALL: A Benchmark for LLMs Robustness against External Counterfactual Knowledge14 Nov 2023
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions9 Nov 2023
- 2023AutoHall: Automated Factuality Hallucination Dataset Generation for Large Language Models30 Sep 2023
- 2023Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models13 Sep 2023
- 2023ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 265
- 2025QuIM-RAG: Advancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Inverted Question Matching for Enhanced QA Performancecited by 6
- 2024Unlocking Multi-View Insights in Knowledge-Dense Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
- 2025QuIM-RAG: Advancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Inverted Question Matching for Enhanced QA Performance6 Jan 2025
- 2024Unlocking Multi-View Insights in Knowledge-Dense Retrieval-Augmented Generation19 Apr 2024
- 2023ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems16 Nov 2023
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
- 2023Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 84
- 2023RECALL: A Benchmark for LLMs Robustness against External Counterfactual Knowledgecited by 51
- 2024Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 44
- 2025Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models with Metamorphic Relationscited by 24
- 2024A Probabilistic Framework for LLM Hallucination Detection via Belief Tree Propagationcited by 21
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 13
- 2023AutoHall: Automated Factuality Hallucination Dataset Generation for Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024Post-Hoc Answer Attribution for Grounded and Trustworthy Long Document Comprehension: Task, Insights, and Challengescited by 5
- 2025Distributional Semantics Tracing: A Framework for Explaining Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025HIDE and Seek: Detecting Hallucinations in Language Models via Decoupled Representationscited by 2
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2025Distributional Semantics Tracing: A Framework for Explaining Hallucinations in Large Language Models7 Oct 2025
- 2025HalluDetect: Detecting, Mitigating, and Benchmarking Hallucinations in Conversational Systems in the Legal Domain15 Sep 2025
- 2025Principled Detection of Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Multiple Testing25 Aug 2025
- 2025HIDE and Seek: Detecting Hallucinations in Language Models via Decoupled Representations21 Jun 2025
- 2025Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models with Metamorphic Relations20 Feb 2025
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detection17 Feb 2025
- 2024Diagnosing Medical Datasets with Training Dynamics3 Nov 2024
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Models8 Jul 2024
- 2024A Probabilistic Framework for LLM Hallucination Detection via Belief Tree Propagation11 Jun 2024
- 2024Post-Hoc Answer Attribution for Grounded and Trustworthy Long Document Comprehension: Task, Insights, and Challenges11 Jun 2024
- 2023RECALL: A Benchmark for LLMs Robustness against External Counterfactual Knowledge14 Nov 2023
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)