CLIP2Protect: Protecting Facial Privacy using Text-Guided Makeup via Adversarial Latent Search
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Abstract (arXiv)
The success of deep learning based face recognition systems has given rise to serious privacy concerns due to their ability to enable unauthorized tracking of users in the digital world. Existing methods for enhancing privacy fail to generate naturalistic images that can protect facial privacy without compromising user experience. We propose a novel two-step approach for facial privacy protection that relies on finding adversarial latent codes in the low-dimensional manifold of a pretrained generative model. The first step inverts the given face image into the latent space and finetunes the generative model to achieve an accurate reconstruction of the given image from its latent code. This step produces a good initialization, aiding the generation of high-quality faces that resemble the given identity. Subsequently, user-defined makeup text prompts and identity-preserving regularization are used to guide the search for adversarial codes in the latent space. Extensive experiments demonstrate that faces generated by our approach have stronger black-box transferability with an absolute gain of 12.06% over the state-of-the-art facial privacy protection approach under the face verification task. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for commercial face recognition systems. Our code is available at https://github.com/fahadshamshad/Clip2Protect.
Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 79 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2023.
Builds on
56 of 79 references.
References · 56
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- 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,849
- 2021StyleCLIP: Text-Driven Manipulation of StyleGAN Imagerycited by 991
38 more
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
- 2021DiffusionCLIP: Text-Guided Diffusion Models for Robust Image Manipulationcited by 642
- 2021Designing an Encoder for StyleGAN Image Manipulationcited by 544
- 2019Evading Defenses to Transferable Adversarial Examples by Translation-Invariant Attackscited by 442
- 2021Pivotal Tuning for Latent-based Editing of Real Imagescited by 427
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 370
- 2018Deep Face Recognition: A Surveycited by 276
- 2021CLIPstyler: Image Style Transfer with a Single Text Conditioncited by 203
- 2018Spatially Transformed Adversarial Examplescited by 195
- 2021CLIPDraw: Exploring Text-to-Drawing Synthesis through Language-Image Encoderscited by 187
- 2018MobileFaceNets: Efficient CNNs for Accurate Real-Time Face Verification on Mobile Devicescited by 182
- 2022A Survey of Vision-Language Pre-Trained Modelscited by 177
- 2019AdvHat: Real-world adversarial attack on ArcFace Face ID systemcited by 163
- 2018Constructing Unrestricted Adversarial Examples with Generative Modelscited by 135
- 2021Adv-Makeup: A New Imperceptible and Transferable Attack on Face Recognitioncited by 97
- 2021LowKey: Leveraging Adversarial Attacks to Protect Social Media Users from Facial Recognitioncited by 94
- 2017A General Framework for Adversarial Examples with Objectivescited by 84
- 2019Unrestricted Adversarial Examples via Semantic Manipulationcited by 84
- 2021Improving Transferability of Adversarial Patches on Face Recognition with Generative Modelscited by 80
- 2021HairCLIP: Design Your Hair by Text and Reference Imagecited by 80
- 2022Protecting Facial Privacy: Generating Adversarial Identity Masks via Style-robust Makeup Transfercited by 78
- 2019Towards Large yet Imperceptible Adversarial Image Perturbations with Perceptual Color Distancecited by 73
- 2019LADN: Local Adversarial Disentangling Network for Facial Makeup and De-Makeupcited by 64
- 2020Towards Face Encryption by Generating Adversarial Identity Maskscited by 63
- 2017Natural and Effective Obfuscation by Head Inpaintingcited by 60
- 2019AnonymousNet: Natural Face De-Identification with Measurable Privacycited by 50
- 2017Adversarial Image Perturbation for Privacy Protection -- A Game Theory Perspectivecited by 38
- 2022Natural Color Fool: Towards Boosting Black-box Unrestricted Attackscited by 38
- 2022State-of-the-Art in the Architecture, Methods and Applications of StyleGANcited by 34
- 2020The Elements of End-to-end Deep Face Recognition: A Survey of Recent Advancescited by 32
- 2016Faceless Person Recognition; Privacy Implications in Social Mediacited by 27
- 2018Fast Geometrically-Perturbed Adversarial Facescited by 22
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- 2021Perceptual Indistinguishability-Net (PI-Net): Facial Image Obfuscation with Manipulable Semanticscited by 20
- 2021Robustness and Generalization via Generative Adversarial Trainingcited by 20
- 2022Unrestricted Black-box Adversarial Attack Using GAN with Limited Queriescited by 18
- 2021Personal Privacy Protection via Irrelevant Faces Tracking and Pixelation in Video Live Streamingcited by 17
- 2021Dodging Attack Using Carefully Crafted Natural Makeupcited by 17
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 12; 2025: 12; 2026: 17.
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- 2024DiffAM: Diffusion-based Adversarial Makeup Transfer for Facial Privacy Protectioncited by 32
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Facial Images for Privacy Protectioncited by 27
- 2023Instruct2Attack: Language-Guided Semantic Adversarial Attackscited by 16
- 2025Adv-CPG: A Customized Portrait Generation Framework with Facial Adversarial Attackscited by 14
- 2025First-Place Solution to NeurIPS 2024 Invisible Watermark Removal Challengecited by 9
- 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systemscited by 8
- 2024TUNI: A Textual Unimodal Detector for Identity Inference in CLIP Modelscited by 8
- 2024Makeup-Guided Facial Privacy Protection via Untrained Neural Network Priorscited by 8
- 2025Enhancing Facial Privacy Protection via Weakening Diffusion Purificationcited by 7
- 2024FACEMUG: A Multimodal Generative and Fusion Framework for Local Facial Editingcited by 6
- 2023My Art My Choice: Adversarial Protection Against Unruly AIcited by 5
- 2025Diffusion-based Adversarial Identity Manipulation for Facial Privacy Protectioncited by 5
31 more
- 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
- 2024BeautyBank: Encoding Facial Makeup in Latent Spacecited by 4
- 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 4
- 2024Multi-modal Generation via Cross-Modal In-Context Learningcited by 2
- 2025DivTrackee versus DynTracker: Promoting Diversity in Anti-Facial Recognition against Dynamic FR Strategycited by 2
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generationcited by 2
- 2026Adversarial Attacks for Good: A Survey of Proactive Protection across the Visual Content Lifecyclecited by 2
- 2024SoK: Analyzing Adversarial Examples: A Framework to Study Adversary Knowledgecited by 1
- 2024ErasableMask: A Robust and Erasable Privacy Protection Scheme against Black-box Face Recognition Modelscited by 1
- 2025FaceAnonyMixer: Cancelable Faces via Identity Consistent Latent Space Mixingcited by 1
- 2026Off-The-Shelf Image-to-Image Models Are All You Need To Defeat Image Protection Schemescited by 1
- 2026Machine Pareidolia: Protecting Facial Image with Emotional Editingcited by 1
- 2026FDeID-Toolbox: Face De-Identification Toolboxcited by 1
- 2026Adv-TGD: Adversarial Text-Guided Diffusion for Face Recognition Impersonation Attackscited by 1
- 2026Flux-Guard: Facial Identity Protection using diffusion modelscited by 1
- 2025Controllable Adversarial Makeup for Privacy via Text-Guided Diffusioncited by 0
- 2025Computation-Efficient and Recognition-Friendly 3D Point Cloud Privacy Protectioncited by 0
- 2025DiffClean: Diffusion-based Makeup Removal for Accurate Age Estimationcited by 0
- 2025AegisRF: Adversarial Perturbations Guided with Sensitivity for Protecting Intellectual Property of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 0
- 2025FLUID: Training-Free Face De-identification via Latent Identity Substitutioncited by 0
- 2026FaceLinkGen: A Re-evaluation of Identity Leakage in Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition and Face Anonymization Systems Using Simple Distillationcited by 0
- 2026SIDeR: Semantic Identity Decoupling for Unrestricted Face Privacycited by 0
- 2026VPD-100K: Towards Generalizable and Fine-grained Visual Privacy Protectioncited by 0
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2026IREU: Identity-Related Encoder-Only Unlearning for Customized Portrait Generationcited by 0
- 2026Phantom: A Unified Face-Swap Deepfake Protection Framework with Latent and Spatial Constraintscited by 0
- 2026TrustCLIP: Learning Private Visual Features via Adversarial Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Face De-Identification: A Domain-Centric Survey from Capture to Processingcited by 0
- 2026DiffAttack: Evasion Attacks Against Face Recognition via Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026Semantic Privacy Protection with Utility Preservation for 3D Point Cloudscited by 0
- 2026SSM-Attack: Learning Where to Perturb for Black-Box Face Privacycited by 0
- 2026SSM-Attack: Learning Where to Perturb for Black-Box Face Privacy12 Oct 2026
- 2026Semantic Privacy Protection with Utility Preservation for 3D Point Clouds12 Sep 2026
- 2026Adversarial Attacks for Good: A Survey of Proactive Protection across the Visual Content Lifecycle5 Aug 2026
- 2026DiffAttack: Evasion Attacks Against Face Recognition via Latent Diffusion Models31 Jul 2026
- 2026Face De-Identification: A Domain-Centric Survey from Capture to Processing28 Jul 2026
- 2026TrustCLIP: Learning Private Visual Features via Adversarial Reconstruction5 Jul 2026
- 2026Phantom: A Unified Face-Swap Deepfake Protection Framework with Latent and Spatial Constraints30 Jun 2026
- 2026IREU: Identity-Related Encoder-Only Unlearning for Customized Portrait Generation29 Jun 2026
- 2026Flux-Guard: Facial Identity Protection using diffusion models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Adv-TGD: Adversarial Text-Guided Diffusion for Face Recognition Impersonation Attacks10 Jun 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2026VPD-100K: Towards Generalizable and Fine-grained Visual Privacy Protection11 May 2026
31 more
- 2026FDeID-Toolbox: Face De-Identification Toolbox13 Mar 2026
- 2026Machine Pareidolia: Protecting Facial Image with Emotional Editing4 Mar 2026
- 2026Off-The-Shelf Image-to-Image Models Are All You Need To Defeat Image Protection Schemes25 Feb 2026
- 2026SIDeR: Semantic Identity Decoupling for Unrestricted Face Privacy4 Feb 2026
- 2026FaceLinkGen: A Re-evaluation of Identity Leakage in Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition and Face Anonymization Systems Using Simple Distillation2 Feb 2026
- 2025FLUID: Training-Free Face De-identification via Latent Identity Substitution21 Nov 2025
- 2025AegisRF: Adversarial Perturbations Guided with Sensitivity for Protecting Intellectual Property of Neural Radiance Fields22 Oct 2025
- 2025First-Place Solution to NeurIPS 2024 Invisible Watermark Removal Challenge28 Aug 2025
- 2025FaceAnonyMixer: Cancelable Faces via Identity Consistent Latent Space Mixing7 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffClean: Diffusion-based Makeup Removal for Accurate Age Estimation17 Jul 2025
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generation16 Jul 2025
- 2025Diffusion-based Adversarial Identity Manipulation for Facial Privacy Protection30 Apr 2025
- 2025Computation-Efficient and Recognition-Friendly 3D Point Cloud Privacy Protection20 Mar 2025
- 2025Controllable Adversarial Makeup for Privacy via Text-Guided Diffusion13 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Facial Privacy Protection via Weakening Diffusion Purification13 Mar 2025
- 2025Adv-CPG: A Customized Portrait Generation Framework with Facial Adversarial Attacks11 Mar 2025
- 2025DivTrackee versus DynTracker: Promoting Diversity in Anti-Facial Recognition against Dynamic FR Strategy11 Jan 2025
- 2024FACEMUG: A Multimodal Generative and Fusion Framework for Local Facial Editing26 Dec 2024
- 2024ErasableMask: A Robust and Erasable Privacy Protection Scheme against Black-box Face Recognition Models22 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentation23 Nov 2024
- 2024BeautyBank: Encoding Facial Makeup in Latent Space18 Nov 2024
- 2024Makeup-Guided Facial Privacy Protection via Untrained Neural Network Priors20 Aug 2024
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Facial Images for Privacy Protection18 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-modal Generation via Cross-Modal In-Context Learning28 May 2024
- 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Models27 May 2024
- 2024TUNI: A Textual Unimodal Detector for Identity Inference in CLIP Models23 May 2024
- 2024DiffAM: Diffusion-based Adversarial Makeup Transfer for Facial Privacy Protection16 May 2024
- 2024SoK: Analyzing Adversarial Examples: A Framework to Study Adversary Knowledge22 Feb 2024
- 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systems17 Jan 2024
- 2023Instruct2Attack: Language-Guided Semantic Adversarial Attacks27 Nov 2023
- 2023My Art My Choice: Adversarial Protection Against Unruly AI6 Sep 2023
- 2024DiffAM: Diffusion-based Adversarial Makeup Transfer for Facial Privacy Protectioncited by 32
- 2025Enhancing Facial Privacy Protection via Weakening Diffusion Purificationcited by 7
- 2023My Art My Choice: Adversarial Protection Against Unruly AIcited by 5
- 2026Adv-TGD: Adversarial Text-Guided Diffusion for Face Recognition Impersonation Attackscited by 1
- 2026Flux-Guard: Facial Identity Protection using diffusion modelscited by 1
- 2025Controllable Adversarial Makeup for Privacy via Text-Guided Diffusioncited by 0
- 2025FLUID: Training-Free Face De-identification via Latent Identity Substitutioncited by 0
- 2026DiffAttack: Evasion Attacks Against Face Recognition via Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026DiffAttack: Evasion Attacks Against Face Recognition via Latent Diffusion Models31 Jul 2026
- 2026Flux-Guard: Facial Identity Protection using diffusion models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Adv-TGD: Adversarial Text-Guided Diffusion for Face Recognition Impersonation Attacks10 Jun 2026
- 2025FLUID: Training-Free Face De-identification via Latent Identity Substitution21 Nov 2025
- 2025Controllable Adversarial Makeup for Privacy via Text-Guided Diffusion13 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Facial Privacy Protection via Weakening Diffusion Purification13 Mar 2025
- 2024DiffAM: Diffusion-based Adversarial Makeup Transfer for Facial Privacy Protection16 May 2024
- 2023My Art My Choice: Adversarial Protection Against Unruly AI6 Sep 2023
- 2024Transferable Adversarial Facial Images for Privacy Protectioncited by 27
- 2023Instruct2Attack: Language-Guided Semantic Adversarial Attackscited by 16
- 2025Adv-CPG: A Customized Portrait Generation Framework with Facial Adversarial Attackscited by 14
- 2025First-Place Solution to NeurIPS 2024 Invisible Watermark Removal Challengecited by 9
- 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systemscited by 8
- 2024TUNI: A Textual Unimodal Detector for Identity Inference in CLIP Modelscited by 8
- 2024Makeup-Guided Facial Privacy Protection via Untrained Neural Network Priorscited by 8
- 2024FACEMUG: A Multimodal Generative and Fusion Framework for Local Facial Editingcited by 6
- 2025Diffusion-based Adversarial Identity Manipulation for Facial Privacy Protectioncited by 5
- 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
- 2024BeautyBank: Encoding Facial Makeup in Latent Spacecited by 4
- 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 4
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026SSM-Attack: Learning Where to Perturb for Black-Box Face Privacy12 Oct 2026
- 2026Semantic Privacy Protection with Utility Preservation for 3D Point Clouds12 Sep 2026
- 2026Adversarial Attacks for Good: A Survey of Proactive Protection across the Visual Content Lifecycle5 Aug 2026
- 2026Face De-Identification: A Domain-Centric Survey from Capture to Processing28 Jul 2026
- 2026Phantom: A Unified Face-Swap Deepfake Protection Framework with Latent and Spatial Constraints30 Jun 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2026VPD-100K: Towards Generalizable and Fine-grained Visual Privacy Protection11 May 2026
- 2026FDeID-Toolbox: Face De-Identification Toolbox13 Mar 2026
- 2026Machine Pareidolia: Protecting Facial Image with Emotional Editing4 Mar 2026
- 2026Off-The-Shelf Image-to-Image Models Are All You Need To Defeat Image Protection Schemes25 Feb 2026
- 2026SIDeR: Semantic Identity Decoupling for Unrestricted Face Privacy4 Feb 2026
- 2026FaceLinkGen: A Re-evaluation of Identity Leakage in Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition and Face Anonymization Systems Using Simple Distillation2 Feb 2026
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)