Which Argumentative Aspects of Hate Speech in Social Media can be reliably identified?
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the increasing diversity of use cases of large language models, a more informative treatment of texts seems necessary. An argumentative analysis could foster a more reasoned usage of chatbots, text completion mechanisms or other applications. However, it is unclear which aspects of argumentation can be reliably identified and integrated in language models. In this paper, we present an empirical assessment of the reliability with which different argumentative aspects can be automatically identified in hate speech in social media. We have enriched the Hateval corpus (Basile et al. 2019) with a manual annotation of some argumentative components, adapted from Wagemans (2016)'s Periodic Table of Arguments. We show that some components can be identified with reasonable reliability. For those that present a high error ratio, we analyze the patterns of disagreement between expert annotators and errors in automatic procedures, and we propose adaptations of those categories that can be more reliably reproduced.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2023.
Builds on
5 of 35 references.
References · 5
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- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
- 2020BERTweet: A pre-trained language model for English Tweetscited by 346
- 2016Argumentation Mining in User-Generated Web Discoursecited by 69
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
- 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 22
- 2024Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Counteringcited by 11
- 2024Mining Reasons For And Against Vaccination From Unstructured Data Using Nichesourcing and AI Data Augmentationcited by 1
- 2025Dialogues of Dissent: Thematic and Rhetorical Dimensions of Hate and Counter-Hate Speech in Social Media Conversationscited by 0
- 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeechcited by 0
- 2026Leveraging Argument Structure to Predict Content Hatefulnesscited by 0
- 2026Leveraging Argument Structure to Predict Content Hatefulness4 May 2026
- 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeech6 Aug 2025
- 2025Dialogues of Dissent: Thematic and Rhetorical Dimensions of Hate and Counter-Hate Speech in Social Media Conversations28 Jul 2025
- 2024Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Countering4 Oct 2024
- 2024Mining Reasons For And Against Vaccination From Unstructured Data Using Nichesourcing and AI Data Augmentation28 Jun 2024
- 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guide29 Mar 2024