mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Fine-tuning Language Models with Generative Adversarial Reward Modelling

arXiv 2305.06176 ↗First posted 9 May 2023cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 8

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Reward modeling and RLHF

Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) by aligning their outputs with desired human values through instruction tuning. However, RLHF is constrained by the expertise and productivity limitations of human evaluators. A response to this downside is to fall back to supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with additional carefully selected expert demonstrations. However, while this method has been proven to be effective, it invariably also leads to increased human-in-the-loop overhead. In this study, we propose another alternative approach: Reinforcement Learning with Generative Adversarial Feedback (RLGAF) to RLHF and SFT, which uses a generative adversarial training style to enable the LLMs to learn useful human expert demonstrations without being directly exposed to the training examples, thus enabling good generalization capabilities while preserving sample efficiency. Our preliminary findings indicate that RLGAF can help align LLMs outputs with competitive performance against RLHF and SFT, while not suffering from their respective inherent restrictions, suggesting promising avenues for further research on automating AI alignment.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reward modeling and RLHF, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 24 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2023.

Builds on

24 of 46 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Perspectives on the Social Impacts of Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback6 Mar
  2. 2022Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization19 Oct
  3. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences12 Jun

Other references · 21

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  3. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  4. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  5. 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
  6. 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
  7. 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 2,950
  8. 2016Categorical Reparameterization with Gumbel-Softmaxcited by 2,708
  9. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
  10. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,562
  11. 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
  12. 2016The Concrete Distribution: A Continuous Relaxation of Discrete Random Variablescited by 1,135
9 more
  1. 2023SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Modelscited by 787
  2. 2023OpenAssistant Conversations -- Democratizing Large Language Model Alignmentcited by 712
  3. 2023Instruction Tuning with GPT-4cited by 676
  4. 2016SeqGAN: Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets with Policy Gradientcited by 375
  5. 2017Inverse Reward Designcited by 246
  6. 2020A Review on Generative Adversarial Networks: Algorithms, Theory, and Applicationscited by 209
  7. 2023Can we trust the evaluation on ChatGPT?cited by 63
  8. 2020Combating Mode Collapse in GAN training: An Empirical Analysis using Hessian Eigenvaluescited by 25
  9. 2020Improving GAN Training with Probability Ratio Clipping and Sample Reweightingcited by 18

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Understanding the Effects of RLHF on LLM Generalisation and Diversity
  2. 2024A Critical Evaluation of AI Feedback for Aligning Large Language Models
  3. 2025Distributionally Robust Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback
  4. 2023SuperHF: Supervised Iterative Learning from Human Feedback
  5. 2024On The Global Convergence Of Online RLHF With Neural Parametrization
  6. 2023RLAIF vs. RLHF: Scaling Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with AI Feedback
  7. 2024Does RLHF Scale? Exploring the Impacts From Data, Model, and Method
  8. 2025Robust Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for Large Language Models Fine-Tuning