Deep Explainable Relational Reinforcement Learning: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite numerous successes in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), the learned policies are not interpretable. Moreover, since DRL does not exploit symbolic relational representations, it has difficulties in coping with structural changes in its environment (such as increasing the number of objects). Relational Reinforcement Learning, on the other hand, inherits the relational representations from symbolic planning to learn reusable policies. However, it has so far been unable to scale up and exploit the power of deep neural networks. We propose Deep Explainable Relational Reinforcement Learning (DERRL), a framework that exploits the best of both -- neural and symbolic worlds. By resorting to a neuro-symbolic approach, DERRL combines relational representations and constraints from symbolic planning with deep learning to extract interpretable policies. These policies are in the form of logical rules that explain how each decision (or action) is arrived at. Through several experiments, in setups like the Countdown Game, Blocks World, Gridworld, and Traffic, we show that the policies learned by DERRL can be applied to different configurations and contexts, hence generalizing to environmental modifications.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2023.
Builds on
19 of 61 references.
References · 19
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7 more
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Bridging the Human-AI Knowledge Gap: Concept Discovery and Transfer in AlphaZerocited by 41
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Reviewcited by 36
- 2024BlendRL: A Framework for Merging Symbolic and Neural Policy Learningcited by 14
- 2024Neuro-Symbolic AI: Explainability, Challenges, and Future Trendscited by 10
- 2025Multimodal LLM-assisted Evolutionary Search for Programmatic Control Policiescited by 8
- 2023Towards Safe Autonomous Driving Policies using a Neuro-Symbolic Deep Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 7
- 2025Online inductive learning from answer sets for efficient reinforcement learning explorationcited by 4
- 2024Deep Learning for Generalised Planning with Background Knowledgecited by 2
- 2025Inductive Learning of Robot Task Knowledge from Raw Data and Online Expert Feedbackcited by 2
- 2025Vejde: A Framework for Inductive Deep Reinforcement Learning Based on Factor Graph Color Refinementcited by 2
- 2025Graph-Enhanced Policy Optimization in LLM Agent Trainingcited by 2
- 2025Human-Allied Relational Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Sample-efficient Neuro-symbolic Proximal Policy Optimization28 Apr 2026
- 2026GRAIL: Autonomous Concept Grounding for Neuro-Symbolic Reinforcement Learning18 Apr 2026
- 2026Sample-Efficient Neurosymbolic Deep Reinforcement Learning6 Jan 2026
- 2025Graph-Enhanced Policy Optimization in LLM Agent Training30 Oct 2025
- 2025Human-Allied Relational Reinforcement Learning17 Oct 2025
- 2025Vejde: A Framework for Inductive Deep Reinforcement Learning Based on Factor Graph Color Refinement11 Sep 2025
- 2025Multimodal LLM-assisted Evolutionary Search for Programmatic Control Policies7 Aug 2025
- 2025Inductive Learning of Robot Task Knowledge from Raw Data and Online Expert Feedback13 Jan 2025
- 2025Online inductive learning from answer sets for efficient reinforcement learning exploration13 Jan 2025
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Review9 Jan 2025
- 2024Neuro-Symbolic AI: Explainability, Challenges, and Future Trends7 Nov 2024
- 2024BlendRL: A Framework for Merging Symbolic and Neural Policy Learning15 Oct 2024
- 2025Graph-Enhanced Policy Optimization in LLM Agent Trainingcited by 2
- 2025Graph-Enhanced Policy Optimization in LLM Agent Training30 Oct 2025
- 2023Bridging the Human-AI Knowledge Gap: Concept Discovery and Transfer in AlphaZerocited by 41
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Reviewcited by 36
- 2024Neuro-Symbolic AI: Explainability, Challenges, and Future Trendscited by 10
- 2025Online inductive learning from answer sets for efficient reinforcement learning explorationcited by 4
- 2024Deep Learning for Generalised Planning with Background Knowledgecited by 2
- 2025Inductive Learning of Robot Task Knowledge from Raw Data and Online Expert Feedbackcited by 2
- 2025Vejde: A Framework for Inductive Deep Reinforcement Learning Based on Factor Graph Color Refinementcited by 2
- 2025Human-Allied Relational Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Sample-Efficient Neurosymbolic Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Sample-efficient Neuro-symbolic Proximal Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Sample-efficient Neuro-symbolic Proximal Policy Optimization28 Apr 2026
- 2026Sample-Efficient Neurosymbolic Deep Reinforcement Learning6 Jan 2026
- 2025Human-Allied Relational Reinforcement Learning17 Oct 2025
- 2025Vejde: A Framework for Inductive Deep Reinforcement Learning Based on Factor Graph Color Refinement11 Sep 2025
- 2025Inductive Learning of Robot Task Knowledge from Raw Data and Online Expert Feedback13 Jan 2025
- 2025Online inductive learning from answer sets for efficient reinforcement learning exploration13 Jan 2025
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Review9 Jan 2025
- 2024Neuro-Symbolic AI: Explainability, Challenges, and Future Trends7 Nov 2024
- 2024Deep Learning for Generalised Planning with Background Knowledge10 Oct 2024
- 2023Bridging the Human-AI Knowledge Gap: Concept Discovery and Transfer in AlphaZero25 Oct 2023