Audio-Text Models Do Not Yet Leverage Natural Language
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-modal contrastive learning techniques in the audio-text domain have quickly become a highly active area of research. Most works are evaluated with standard audio retrieval and classification benchmarks assuming that (i) these models are capable of leveraging the rich information contained in natural language, and (ii) current benchmarks are able to capture the nuances of such information. In this work, we show that state-of-the-art audio-text models do not yet really understand natural language, especially contextual concepts such as sequential or concurrent ordering of sound events. Our results suggest that existing benchmarks are not sufficient to assess these models' capabilities to match complex contexts from the audio and text modalities. We propose a Transformer-based architecture and show that, unlike prior work, it is capable of modeling the sequential relationship between sound events in the text and audio, given appropriate benchmark data. We advocate for the collection or generation of additional, diverse, data to allow future research to fully leverage natural language for audio-text modeling.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 10; 2026: 1.
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- 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretrainingcited by 343
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilitiescited by 127
- 2023The Song Describer Dataset: a Corpus of Audio Captions for Music-and-Language Evaluationcited by 68
- 2024Auffusion: Leveraging the Power of Diffusion and Large Language Models for Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 54
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Modelscited by 43
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 18
- 2024Improving Musical Accompaniment Co-creation via Diffusion Transformerscited by 11
- 2025TACOS: Temporally-aligned Audio CaptiOnS for Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 9
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AIcited by 6
- 2023Killing two birds with one stone: Can an audio captioning system also be used for audio-text retrieval?cited by 3
- 2024Dissecting Temporal Understanding in Text-to-Audio Retrievalcited by 3
- 2024RiTTA: Modeling Event Relations in Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 3
14 more
- 2025Diffusion based Text-to-Music Generation with Global and Local Text based Conditioningcited by 3
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generationcited by 3
- 2024Fusing Audio and Metadata Embeddings Improves Language-based Audio Retrievalcited by 2
- 2024Sequential Contrastive Audio-Visual Learningcited by 2
- 2025Domain Adaptation Method and Modality Gap Impact in Audio-Text Models for Prototypical Sound Classificationcited by 2
- 2024The Interpretation Gap in Text-to-Music Generation Modelscited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Audio-Language Models through Self-Supervised Post-Training with Text-Audio Pairscited by 1
- 2025Mind the Prompt: Prompting Strategies in Audio Generations for Improving Sound Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Improving Audio Classification by Transitioning from Zero- to Few-Shotcited by 1
- 2023Audio Difference Learning for Audio Captioningcited by 0
- 2024AudioSetMix: Enhancing Audio-Language Datasets with LLM-Assisted Augmentationscited by 0
- 2025Text-Queried Audio Source Separation via Hierarchical Modelingcited by 0
- 2025Testing chatbots on the creation of encoders for audio conditioned image generationcited by 0
- 2026Forgive or forget: Understanding the context of hate in audio retrieval systemscited by 0
- 2026Forgive or forget: Understanding the context of hate in audio retrieval systems4 Jun 2026
- 2025Testing chatbots on the creation of encoders for audio conditioned image generation9 Sep 2025
- 2025Improving Audio Classification by Transitioning from Zero- to Few-Shot26 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AI16 Jun 2025
- 2025Domain Adaptation Method and Modality Gap Impact in Audio-Text Models for Prototypical Sound Classification4 Jun 2025
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generation4 Jun 2025
- 2025Text-Queried Audio Source Separation via Hierarchical Modeling27 May 2025
- 2025TACOS: Temporally-aligned Audio CaptiOnS for Language-Audio Pretraining12 May 2025
- 2025Mind the Prompt: Prompting Strategies in Audio Generations for Improving Sound Classification4 Apr 2025
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilities6 Mar 2025
- 2025Diffusion based Text-to-Music Generation with Global and Local Text based Conditioning24 Jan 2025
- 2024RiTTA: Modeling Event Relations in Text-to-Audio Generation20 Dec 2024
14 more
- 2024Improving Musical Accompaniment Co-creation via Diffusion Transformers30 Oct 2024
- 2024Dissecting Temporal Understanding in Text-to-Audio Retrieval1 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Audio-Language Models through Self-Supervised Post-Training with Text-Audio Pairs17 Aug 2024
- 2024The Interpretation Gap in Text-to-Music Generation Models14 Jul 2024
- 2024Sequential Contrastive Audio-Visual Learning8 Jul 2024
- 2024Fusing Audio and Metadata Embeddings Improves Language-based Audio Retrieval22 Jun 2024
- 2024AudioSetMix: Enhancing Audio-Language Datasets with LLM-Assisted Augmentations17 May 2024
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining27 Apr 2024
- 2024Auffusion: Leveraging the Power of Diffusion and Large Language Models for Text-to-Audio Generation2 Jan 2024
- 2023The Song Describer Dataset: a Corpus of Audio Captions for Music-and-Language Evaluation16 Nov 2023
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Models12 Oct 2023
- 2023Audio Difference Learning for Audio Captioning15 Sep 2023
- 2023Killing two birds with one stone: Can an audio captioning system also be used for audio-text retrieval?29 Aug 2023
- 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretraining10 Aug 2023
- 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretrainingcited by 343
- 2024Auffusion: Leveraging the Power of Diffusion and Large Language Models for Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 54
- 2024Improving Musical Accompaniment Co-creation via Diffusion Transformerscited by 11
- 2025Diffusion based Text-to-Music Generation with Global and Local Text based Conditioningcited by 3
- 2025Diffusion based Text-to-Music Generation with Global and Local Text based Conditioning24 Jan 2025
- 2024Improving Musical Accompaniment Co-creation via Diffusion Transformers30 Oct 2024
- 2024Auffusion: Leveraging the Power of Diffusion and Large Language Models for Text-to-Audio Generation2 Jan 2024
- 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretraining10 Aug 2023
- 2023The Song Describer Dataset: a Corpus of Audio Captions for Music-and-Language Evaluationcited by 68
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 18
- 2025TACOS: Temporally-aligned Audio CaptiOnS for Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 9
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AIcited by 6
- 2023Killing two birds with one stone: Can an audio captioning system also be used for audio-text retrieval?cited by 3
- 2024Dissecting Temporal Understanding in Text-to-Audio Retrievalcited by 3
- 2024RiTTA: Modeling Event Relations in Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 3
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generationcited by 3
- 2024Fusing Audio and Metadata Embeddings Improves Language-based Audio Retrievalcited by 2
- 2024Sequential Contrastive Audio-Visual Learningcited by 2
- 2025Domain Adaptation Method and Modality Gap Impact in Audio-Text Models for Prototypical Sound Classificationcited by 2
- 2024The Interpretation Gap in Text-to-Music Generation Modelscited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Forgive or forget: Understanding the context of hate in audio retrieval systems4 Jun 2026
- 2025Testing chatbots on the creation of encoders for audio conditioned image generation9 Sep 2025
- 2025Improving Audio Classification by Transitioning from Zero- to Few-Shot26 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AI16 Jun 2025
- 2025Domain Adaptation Method and Modality Gap Impact in Audio-Text Models for Prototypical Sound Classification4 Jun 2025
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generation4 Jun 2025
- 2025Text-Queried Audio Source Separation via Hierarchical Modeling27 May 2025
- 2025TACOS: Temporally-aligned Audio CaptiOnS for Language-Audio Pretraining12 May 2025
- 2025Mind the Prompt: Prompting Strategies in Audio Generations for Improving Sound Classification4 Apr 2025
- 2024RiTTA: Modeling Event Relations in Text-to-Audio Generation20 Dec 2024
- 2024Dissecting Temporal Understanding in Text-to-Audio Retrieval1 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Audio-Language Models through Self-Supervised Post-Training with Text-Audio Pairs17 Aug 2024
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)