Parachute: Evaluating Interactive Human-LM Co-writing Systems
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Abstract (arXiv)
A surge of advances in language models (LMs) has led to significant interest in using LMs to build co-writing systems, in which humans and LMs interactively contribute to a shared writing artifact. However, there is a lack of studies assessing co-writing systems in interactive settings. We propose a human-centered evaluation framework, Parachute, for interactive co-writing systems. Parachute showcases an integrative view of interaction evaluation, where each evaluation aspect consists of categorized practical metrics. Furthermore, we present Parachute with a use case to demonstrate how to evaluate and compare co-writing systems using Parachute.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2023.
Builds on
9 of 22 references.
References · 9
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
- 2022Co-Writing Screenplays and Theatre Scripts with Language Models: An Evaluation by Industry Professionalscited by 191
- 2019Gmail Smart Compose: Real-Time Assisted Writingcited by 97
- 2022Evaluating Human-Language Model Interactioncited by 90
- 2022Designing Creative AI Partners with COFI: A Framework for Modeling Interaction in Human-AI Co-Creative Systemscited by 59
- 2020STORIUM: A Dataset and Evaluation Platform for Machine-in-the-Loop Story Generationcited by 56
- 2022Beyond Text Generation: Supporting Writers with Continuous Automatic Text Summariescited by 47
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
7 papers.
- 2023Beyond the Chat: Executable and Verifiable Text-Editing with LLMscited by 35
- 2023Creativity Support in the Age of Large Language Models: An Empirical Study Involving Emerging Writerscited by 32
- 2023ConvXAI: Delivering Heterogeneous AI Explanations via Conversations to Support Human-AI Scientific Writingcited by 31
- 2023Interactive Natural Language Processingcited by 31
- 2023Does Human Collaboration Enhance the Accuracy of Identifying LLM-Generated Deepfake Texts?cited by 21
- 2024Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applicationscited by 3
- 2025Interaction Techniques that Encourage Longer Prompts Can Improve Psychological Ownership when Writing with AIcited by 0
- 2025Interaction Techniques that Encourage Longer Prompts Can Improve Psychological Ownership when Writing with AI4 Jul 2025
- 2024Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applications28 Oct 2024
- 2023Beyond the Chat: Executable and Verifiable Text-Editing with LLMs27 Sep 2023
- 2023Creativity Support in the Age of Large Language Models: An Empirical Study Involving Emerging Writers22 Sep 2023
- 2023Interactive Natural Language Processing22 May 2023
- 2023ConvXAI: Delivering Heterogeneous AI Explanations via Conversations to Support Human-AI Scientific Writing16 May 2023
- 2023Does Human Collaboration Enhance the Accuracy of Identifying LLM-Generated Deepfake Texts?3 Apr 2023