Exploration and Regularization of the Latent Action Space in Recommendation
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Abstract (arXiv)
In recommender systems, reinforcement learning solutions have effectively boosted recommendation performance because of their ability to capture long-term user-system interaction. However, the action space of the recommendation policy is a list of items, which could be extremely large with a dynamic candidate item pool. To overcome this challenge, we propose a hyper-actor and critic learning framework where the policy decomposes the item list generation process into a hyper-action inference step and an effect-action selection step. The first step maps the given state space into a vectorized hyper-action space, and the second step selects the item list based on the hyper-action. In order to regulate the discrepancy between the two action spaces, we design an alignment module along with a kernel mapping function for items to ensure inference accuracy and include a supervision module to stabilize the learning process. We build simulated environments on public datasets and empirically show that our framework is superior in recommendation compared to standard RL baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Feb 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.
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- 2025Rec-R1: Bridging Generative Large Language Models and User-Centric Recommendation Systems via Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 26
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorationscited by 23
- 2023Agent4Ranking: Semantic Robust Ranking via Personalized Query Rewriting Using Multi-agent LLMcited by 18
- 2024SIGMA: Selective Gated Mamba for Sequential Recommendationcited by 10
- 2024EasyRL4Rec: An Easy-to-use Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systemscited by 8
- 2023AURO: Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive User Retention Optimization in Recommender Systemscited by 5
- 2024Efficient and Robust Regularized Federated Recommendationcited by 4
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testingcited by 3
- 2024UOEP: User-Oriented Exploration Policy for Enhancing Long-Term User Experiences in Recommender Systemscited by 2
- 2025Empowering Large Language Model for Sequential Recommendation via Multimodal Embeddings and Semantic IDscited by 2
- 2025Learning a Single Token to Replace Long System Prompts in LLMscited by 2
5 more
- 2026Owen-Shapley Policy Optimization: A Principled RL Algorithm for Generative Search LLMscited by 1
- 2026LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Long-Term User Satisfaction in Interactive Recommendationcited by 1
- 2024Supervised Learning-enhanced Multi-Group Actor Critic for Live Stream Allocation in Feedcited by 0
- 2025KLAN: Kuaishou Landing-page Adaptive Navigatorcited by 0
- 2025Empowering Denoising Sequential Recommendation with Large Language Model Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Long-Term User Satisfaction in Interactive Recommendation27 Jan 2026
- 2026Owen-Shapley Policy Optimization: A Principled RL Algorithm for Generative Search LLMs13 Jan 2026
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing8 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning a Single Token to Replace Long System Prompts in LLMs28 Nov 2025
- 2025Empowering Denoising Sequential Recommendation with Large Language Model Embeddings5 Oct 2025
- 2025Empowering Large Language Model for Sequential Recommendation via Multimodal Embeddings and Semantic IDs2 Sep 2025
- 2025KLAN: Kuaishou Landing-page Adaptive Navigator31 Jul 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorations20 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agent14 Apr 2025
- 2025Rec-R1: Bridging Generative Large Language Models and User-Centric Recommendation Systems via Reinforcement Learning31 Mar 2025
- 2024Supervised Learning-enhanced Multi-Group Actor Critic for Live Stream Allocation in Feed28 Nov 2024
- 2024Efficient and Robust Regularized Federated Recommendation3 Nov 2024
5 more
- 2024SIGMA: Selective Gated Mamba for Sequential Recommendation21 Aug 2024
- 2024EasyRL4Rec: An Easy-to-use Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systems23 Feb 2024
- 2024UOEP: User-Oriented Exploration Policy for Enhancing Long-Term User Experiences in Recommender Systems17 Jan 2024
- 2023Agent4Ranking: Semantic Robust Ranking via Personalized Query Rewriting Using Multi-agent LLM24 Dec 2023
- 2023AURO: Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive User Retention Optimization in Recommender Systems6 Oct 2023
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 26
- 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agent14 Apr 2025
- 2024SIGMA: Selective Gated Mamba for Sequential Recommendationcited by 10
- 2024SIGMA: Selective Gated Mamba for Sequential Recommendation21 Aug 2024
- 2025Rec-R1: Bridging Generative Large Language Models and User-Centric Recommendation Systems via Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorationscited by 23
- 2024EasyRL4Rec: An Easy-to-use Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systemscited by 8
- 2023AURO: Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive User Retention Optimization in Recommender Systemscited by 5
- 2024Efficient and Robust Regularized Federated Recommendationcited by 4
- 2024UOEP: User-Oriented Exploration Policy for Enhancing Long-Term User Experiences in Recommender Systemscited by 2
- 2025Empowering Large Language Model for Sequential Recommendation via Multimodal Embeddings and Semantic IDscited by 2
- 2025Learning a Single Token to Replace Long System Prompts in LLMscited by 2
- 2026LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Long-Term User Satisfaction in Interactive Recommendationcited by 1
- 2024Supervised Learning-enhanced Multi-Group Actor Critic for Live Stream Allocation in Feedcited by 0
- 2025KLAN: Kuaishou Landing-page Adaptive Navigatorcited by 0
- 2025Empowering Denoising Sequential Recommendation with Large Language Model Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Long-Term User Satisfaction in Interactive Recommendation27 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning a Single Token to Replace Long System Prompts in LLMs28 Nov 2025
- 2025Empowering Denoising Sequential Recommendation with Large Language Model Embeddings5 Oct 2025
- 2025Empowering Large Language Model for Sequential Recommendation via Multimodal Embeddings and Semantic IDs2 Sep 2025
- 2025KLAN: Kuaishou Landing-page Adaptive Navigator31 Jul 2025
- 2025Generative Auto-Bidding with Value-Guided Explorations20 Apr 2025
- 2025Rec-R1: Bridging Generative Large Language Models and User-Centric Recommendation Systems via Reinforcement Learning31 Mar 2025
- 2024Supervised Learning-enhanced Multi-Group Actor Critic for Live Stream Allocation in Feed28 Nov 2024
- 2024Efficient and Robust Regularized Federated Recommendation3 Nov 2024
- 2024EasyRL4Rec: An Easy-to-use Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systems23 Feb 2024
- 2024UOEP: User-Oriented Exploration Policy for Enhancing Long-Term User Experiences in Recommender Systems17 Jan 2024
- 2023AURO: Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive User Retention Optimization in Recommender Systems6 Oct 2023