Hierarchical Programmatic Reinforcement Learning via Learning to Compose Programs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Aiming to produce reinforcement learning (RL) policies that are human-interpretable and can generalize better to novel scenarios, Trivedi et al. (2021) present a method (LEAPS) that first learns a program embedding space to continuously parameterize diverse programs from a pre-generated program dataset, and then searches for a task-solving program in the learned program embedding space when given a task. Despite the encouraging results, the program policies that LEAPS can produce are limited by the distribution of the program dataset. Furthermore, during searching, LEAPS evaluates each candidate program solely based on its return, failing to precisely reward correct parts of programs and penalize incorrect parts. To address these issues, we propose to learn a meta-policy that composes a series of programs sampled from the learned program embedding space. By learning to compose programs, our proposed hierarchical programmatic reinforcement learning (HPRL) framework can produce program policies that describe out-of-distributionally complex behaviors and directly assign credits to programs that induce desired behaviors. The experimental results in the Karel domain show that our proposed framework outperforms baselines. The ablation studies confirm the limitations of LEAPS and justify our design choices.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2023.
Builds on
32 of 70 references.
References · 32
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- 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,427
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20 more
- 2017FeUdal Networks for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 328
- 2021How to Train Your Robot with Deep Reinforcement Learning; Lessons We've Learnedcited by 201
- 2018Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learningcited by 192
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- 2020Latent Programmer: Discrete Latent Codes for Program Synthesiscited by 18
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.
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- 2023Bootstrap Your Own Skills: Learning to Solve New Tasks with Large Language Model Guidancecited by 85
- 2024Generating Code World Models with Large Language Models Guided by Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 38
- 2024RL-GPT: Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Code-as-policycited by 32
- 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Searchcited by 13
- 2025Multimodal LLM-assisted Evolutionary Search for Programmatic Control Policiescited by 8
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesiscited by 7
- 2023Reinforcement Learning with Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 5
- 2024Searching for Programmatic Policies in Semantic Spacescited by 5
- 2024SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Taskscited by 3
- 2025Learning Intractable Multimodal Policies with Reparameterization and Diversity Regularizationcited by 3
- 2024KnowPC: Knowledge-Driven Programmatic Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Coordinationcited by 2
- 2024Reclaiming the Source of Programmatic Policies: Programmatic versus Latent Spacescited by 2
8 more
- 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Modelcited by 2
- 2025InnateCoder: Learning Programmatic Options with Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2026Learning to Theorize the World from Observationcited by 2
- 2023Program Machine Policy: Addressing Long-Horizon Tasks by Integrating Program Synthesis and State Machinescited by 1
- 2026Scheduling That Speaks: An Interpretable Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularizationcited by 0
- 2026Language-Critique Imitation Learning from Suboptimal Demonstrationscited by 0
- 2026Solver-Aware Decompositions for Programming-by-Example: When Dividing Requires Knowing how to Conquercited by 0
- 2026Solver-Aware Decompositions for Programming-by-Example: When Dividing Requires Knowing how to Conquer4 Aug 2026
- 2026Language-Critique Imitation Learning from Suboptimal Demonstrations1 Jul 2026
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularization18 May 2026
- 2026Scheduling That Speaks: An Interpretable Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Framework18 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Theorize the World from Observation5 May 2026
- 2025Learning Intractable Multimodal Policies with Reparameterization and Diversity Regularization3 Nov 2025
- 2025Multimodal LLM-assisted Evolutionary Search for Programmatic Control Policies7 Aug 2025
- 2025InnateCoder: Learning Programmatic Options with Foundation Models18 May 2025
- 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Model11 Mar 2025
- 2024SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Tasks17 Dec 2024
- 2024Reclaiming the Source of Programmatic Policies: Programmatic versus Latent Spaces16 Oct 2024
- 2024KnowPC: Knowledge-Driven Programmatic Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Coordination8 Aug 2024
8 more
- 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Search26 May 2024
- 2024Generating Code World Models with Large Language Models Guided by Monte Carlo Tree Search24 May 2024
- 2024Searching for Programmatic Policies in Semantic Spaces8 May 2024
- 2024RL-GPT: Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Code-as-policy29 Feb 2024
- 2023Program Machine Policy: Addressing Long-Horizon Tasks by Integrating Program Synthesis and State Machines27 Nov 2023
- 2023Bootstrap Your Own Skills: Learning to Solve New Tasks with Large Language Model Guidance16 Oct 2023
- 2023Reinforcement Learning with Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: A Brief Survey24 Apr 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesis9 Mar 2023
- 2024RL-GPT: Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Code-as-policycited by 32
- 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Searchcited by 13
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesiscited by 7
- 2023Reinforcement Learning with Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 5
- 2024Searching for Programmatic Policies in Semantic Spacescited by 5
- 2024SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Taskscited by 3
- 2025Learning Intractable Multimodal Policies with Reparameterization and Diversity Regularizationcited by 3
- 2024KnowPC: Knowledge-Driven Programmatic Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Coordinationcited by 2
- 2024Reclaiming the Source of Programmatic Policies: Programmatic versus Latent Spacescited by 2
- 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Modelcited by 2
- 2025InnateCoder: Learning Programmatic Options with Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2026Learning to Theorize the World from Observationcited by 2
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Solver-Aware Decompositions for Programming-by-Example: When Dividing Requires Knowing how to Conquer4 Aug 2026
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularization18 May 2026
- 2026Scheduling That Speaks: An Interpretable Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Framework18 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Theorize the World from Observation5 May 2026
- 2025Learning Intractable Multimodal Policies with Reparameterization and Diversity Regularization3 Nov 2025
- 2025InnateCoder: Learning Programmatic Options with Foundation Models18 May 2025
- 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Model11 Mar 2025
- 2024SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Tasks17 Dec 2024
- 2024Reclaiming the Source of Programmatic Policies: Programmatic versus Latent Spaces16 Oct 2024
- 2024KnowPC: Knowledge-Driven Programmatic Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Coordination8 Aug 2024
- 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Search26 May 2024
- 2024Searching for Programmatic Policies in Semantic Spaces8 May 2024
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)