mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hierarchical Programmatic Reinforcement Learning via Learning to Compose Programs

arXiv 2301.12950 ↗First posted 30 Jan 2023cs.LG cs.AI cs.PLcited by 20

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Aiming to produce reinforcement learning (RL) policies that are human-interpretable and can generalize better to novel scenarios, Trivedi et al. (2021) present a method (LEAPS) that first learns a program embedding space to continuously parameterize diverse programs from a pre-generated program dataset, and then searches for a task-solving program in the learned program embedding space when given a task. Despite the encouraging results, the program policies that LEAPS can produce are limited by the distribution of the program dataset. Furthermore, during searching, LEAPS evaluates each candidate program solely based on its return, failing to precisely reward correct parts of programs and penalize incorrect parts. To address these issues, we propose to learn a meta-policy that composes a series of programs sampled from the learned program embedding space. By learning to compose programs, our proposed hierarchical programmatic reinforcement learning (HPRL) framework can produce program policies that describe out-of-distributionally complex behaviors and directly assign credits to programs that induce desired behaviors. The experimental results in the Karel domain show that our proposed framework outperforms baselines. The ablation studies confirm the limitations of LEAPS and justify our design choices.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2023.

Builds on

32 of 70 references.

References · 32

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
  3. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
  4. 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,427
  5. 2014On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approachescited by 1,303
  6. 2022Code as Policies: Language Model Programs for Embodied Controlcited by 1,172
  7. 2021CodeT5: Identifier-aware Unified Pre-trained Encoder-Decoder Models for Code Understanding and Generationcited by 890
  8. 2016The Mythos of Model Interpretabilitycited by 716
  9. 2014Neural Turing Machinescited by 630
  10. 2016The Option-Critic Architecturecited by 433
  11. 2018Quantifying Generalization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 345
  12. 2016Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Manipulation with Asynchronous Off-Policy Updatescited by 342
20 more
  1. 2017FeUdal Networks for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 328
  2. 2021How to Train Your Robot with Deep Reinforcement Learning; Lessons We've Learnedcited by 201
  3. 2018Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learningcited by 192
  4. 2018Verifiable Reinforcement Learning via Policy Extractioncited by 176
  5. 2018A Study on Overfitting in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 170
  6. 2020DreamCoder: Growing generalizable, interpretable knowledge with wake-sleep Bayesian program learningcited by 159
  7. 2022Synchromesh: Reliable code generation from pre-trained language modelscited by 156
  8. 2016DeepCoder: Learning to Write Programscited by 145
  9. 2019Neural Logic Machinescited by 144
  10. 2020Explainable Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 139
  11. 2017RobustFill: Neural Program Learning under Noisy I/Ocited by 124
  12. 2021Jigsaw: Large Language Models meet Program Synthesiscited by 103
  13. 2018NL2Bash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating Systemcited by 97
  14. 2015Neural Programmer-Interpreterscited by 96
  15. 2018Leveraging Grammar and Reinforcement Learning for Neural Program Synthesiscited by 83
  16. 2019Learning to Infer and Execute 3D Shape Programscited by 68
  17. 2021Learning to Synthesize Programs as Interpretable and Generalizable Policiescited by 59
  18. 2019TreeGen: A Tree-Based Transformer Architecture for Code Generationcited by 58
  19. 2019Few-Shot Bayesian Imitation Learning with Logical Program Policiescited by 30
  20. 2020Latent Programmer: Discrete Latent Codes for Program Synthesiscited by 18

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.

20 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Bootstrap Your Own Skills: Learning to Solve New Tasks with Large Language Model Guidancecited by 85
  2. 2024Generating Code World Models with Large Language Models Guided by Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 38
  3. 2024RL-GPT: Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Code-as-policycited by 32
  4. 2024Synthesizing Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Policies with Large Language Model Guided Searchcited by 13
  5. 2025Multimodal LLM-assisted Evolutionary Search for Programmatic Control Policiescited by 8
  6. 2023Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesiscited by 7
  7. 2023Reinforcement Learning with Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 5
  8. 2024Searching for Programmatic Policies in Semantic Spacescited by 5
  9. 2024SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Taskscited by 3
  10. 2025Learning Intractable Multimodal Policies with Reparameterization and Diversity Regularizationcited by 3
  11. 2024KnowPC: Knowledge-Driven Programmatic Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Coordinationcited by 2
  12. 2024Reclaiming the Source of Programmatic Policies: Programmatic versus Latent Spacescited by 2
8 more
  1. 2025Shedding Light in Task Decomposition in Program Synthesis: The Driving Force of the Synthesizer Modelcited by 2
  2. 2025InnateCoder: Learning Programmatic Options with Foundation Modelscited by 2
  3. 2026Learning to Theorize the World from Observationcited by 2
  4. 2023Program Machine Policy: Addressing Long-Horizon Tasks by Integrating Program Synthesis and State Machinescited by 1
  5. 2026Scheduling That Speaks: An Interpretable Programmatic Reinforcement Learning Frameworkcited by 0
  6. 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularizationcited by 0
  7. 2026Language-Critique Imitation Learning from Suboptimal Demonstrationscited by 0
  8. 2026Solver-Aware Decompositions for Programming-by-Example: When Dividing Requires Knowing how to Conquercited by 0