Generalized Product-of-Experts for Learning Multimodal Representations in Noisy Environments
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
A real-world application or setting involves interaction between different modalities (e.g., video, speech, text). In order to process the multimodal information automatically and use it for an end application, Multimodal Representation Learning (MRL) has emerged as an active area of research in recent times. MRL involves learning reliable and robust representations of information from heterogeneous sources and fusing them. However, in practice, the data acquired from different sources are typically noisy. In some extreme cases, a noise of large magnitude can completely alter the semantics of the data leading to inconsistencies in the parallel multimodal data. In this paper, we propose a novel method for multimodal representation learning in a noisy environment via the generalized product of experts technique. In the proposed method, we train a separate network for each modality to assess the credibility of information coming from that modality, and subsequently, the contribution from each modality is dynamically varied while estimating the joint distribution. We evaluate our method on two challenging benchmarks from two diverse domains: multimodal 3D hand-pose estimation and multimodal surgical video segmentation. We attain state-of-the-art performance on both benchmarks. Our extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations show the advantages of our method compared to previous approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2022.
Builds on
30 of 44 references.
References · 30
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
- 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,161
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
- 2018FFJORD: Free-form Continuous Dynamics for Scalable Reversible Generative Modelscited by 584
- 2014Semi-Supervised Learning with Deep Generative Modelscited by 494
- 2017Learning to Estimate 3D Hand Pose from Single RGB Imagescited by 234
- 2018Multimodal Generative Models for Scalable Weakly-Supervised Learningcited by 200
- 2019Variational Mixture-of-Experts Autoencoders for Multi-Modal Deep Generative Modelscited by 177
- 2019Noise Flow: Noise Modeling with Conditional Normalizing Flowscited by 108
- 2017V2V-PoseNet: Voxel-to-Voxel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Hand and Human Pose Estimation from a Single Depth Mapcited by 102
- 2020Dual Adversarial Network: Toward Real-world Noise Removal and Noise Generationcited by 101
18 more
- 2018Cross-modal Deep Variational Hand Pose Estimationcited by 89
- 2016Joint Multimodal Learning with Deep Generative Modelscited by 87
- 2021Generalized Multimodal ELBOcited by 86
- 2020A review: Deep learning for medical image segmentation using multi-modality fusioncited by 84
- 2021Multimodal Conditional Image Synthesis with Product-of-Experts GANscited by 75
- 2018Sylvester Normalizing Flows for Variational Inferencecited by 71
- 2020Robust Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation via Feature Disentanglement and Gated Fusioncited by 67
- 2014Generalized Product of Experts for Automatic and Principled Fusion of Gaussian Process Predictionscited by 66
- 2018Disentangling Latent Hands for Image Synthesis and Pose Estimationcited by 44
- 2019GRDN:Grouped Residual Dense Network for Real Image Denoising and GAN-based Real-world Noise Modelingcited by 33
- 2020Learning Camera-Aware Noise Modelscited by 32
- 2020Relating by Contrasting: A Data-efficient Framework for Multimodal Generative Modelscited by 27
- 2018Point-to-Pose Voting based Hand Pose Estimation using Residual Permutation Equivariant Layercited by 21
- 2021Long-Term Temporally Consistent Unpaired Video Translation from Simulated Surgical 3D Datacited by 21
- 2015Hands Deep in Deep Learning for Hand Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2021Towards Lower-Dose PET using Physics-Based Uncertainty-Aware Multimodal Learning with Robustness to Out-of-Distribution Datacited by 18
- 2019Variational Fusion for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 2
- 2021Fusing multimodal neuroimaging data with a variational autoencodercited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.
4 papers.
- 2023Multi-modal Variational Autoencoders for normative modelling across multiple imaging modalitiescited by 10
- 2024Physics-Informed Latent Diffusion for Multimodal Brain MRI Synthesiscited by 7
- 2026Imaging-anchored Multiomics in Cardiovascular Disease: Integrating Cardiac Imaging, Bulk, Single-cell, and Spatial Transcriptomicscited by 0
- 2026Auditing Instruction-Trajectory Mismatches in Multimodal Robot Demonstrationscited by 0
- 2026Auditing Instruction-Trajectory Mismatches in Multimodal Robot Demonstrations8 Aug 2026
- 2026Imaging-anchored Multiomics in Cardiovascular Disease: Integrating Cardiac Imaging, Bulk, Single-cell, and Spatial Transcriptomics10 Jan 2026
- 2024Physics-Informed Latent Diffusion for Multimodal Brain MRI Synthesis20 Sep 2024
- 2023Multi-modal Variational Autoencoders for normative modelling across multiple imaging modalities16 Mar 2023