Structure-based drug design with geometric deep learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Structure-based drug design uses three-dimensional geometric information of macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, to identify suitable ligands. Geometric deep learning, an emerging concept of neural-network-based machine learning, has been applied to macromolecular structures. This review provides an overview of the recent applications of geometric deep learning in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, highlighting its potential for structure-based drug discovery and design. Emphasis is placed on molecular property prediction, ligand binding site and pose prediction, and structure-based de novo molecular design. The current challenges and opportunities are highlighted, and a forecast of the future of geometric deep learning for drug discovery is presented.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 94 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2022.
Builds on
24 of 94 references.
References · 24
- 2021Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Geodesics, and Gaugescited by 1,131
- 2016Geometric deep learning: going beyond Euclidean datacited by 1,042
- 2021E(n) Equivariant Graph Neural Networkscited by 951
- 2021E(3)-Equivariant Graph Neural Networks for Data-Efficient and Accurate Interatomic Potentialscited by 701
- 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3Dcited by 666
- 2022MACE: Higher Order Equivariant Message Passing Neural Networks for Fast and Accurate Force Fieldscited by 467
- 20183D Steerable CNNs: Learning Rotationally Equivariant Features in Volumetric Datacited by 348
- 2022DiffDock: Diffusion Steps, Twists, and Turns for Molecular Dockingcited by 307
- 2022A 3D Generative Model for Structure-Based Drug Designcited by 148
- 2022EquiBind: Geometric Deep Learning for Drug Binding Structure Predictioncited by 143
- 2022Equivariant 3D-Conditional Diffusion Models for Molecular Linker Designcited by 121
- 2021Geometric Deep Learning on Molecular Representationscited by 113
12 more
- 2021SpookyNet: Learning Force Fields with Electronic Degrees of Freedom and Nonlocal Effectscited by 103
- 2021Inverse design of 3d molecular structures with conditional generative neural networkscited by 93
- 2021Independent SE(3)-Equivariant Models for End-to-End Rigid Protein Dockingcited by 81
- 2021SE(3)-equivariant prediction of molecular wavefunctions and electronic densitiescited by 67
- 2021Structure-aware Interactive Graph Neural Networks for the Prediction of Protein-Ligand Binding Affinitycited by 60
- 2022Multi-Scale Representation Learning on Proteinscited by 52
- 2018PotentialNet for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 46
- 2021Learning to design drug-like molecules in three-dimensional space using deep generative modelscited by 37
- 2020PIGNet: A physics-informed deep learning model toward generalized drug-target interaction predictionscited by 31
- 2021Geometric Transformers for Protein Interface Contact Predictioncited by 18
- 2022Accurate Machine Learned Quantum-Mechanical Force Fields for Biomolecular Simulationscited by 9
- 2022Efficient and Accurate Physics-aware Multiplex Graph Neural Networks for 3D Small Molecules and Macromolecule Complexescited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 12; 2026: 9.
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- 2024MolCRAFT: Structure-Based Drug Design in Continuous Parameter Spacecited by 48
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materialscited by 22
- 2023EquiPocket: an E(3)-Equivariant Geometric Graph Neural Network for Ligand Binding Site Predictioncited by 15
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Predictioncited by 13
- 2023A Universal Framework for Accurate and Efficient Geometric Deep Learning of Molecular Systemscited by 10
- 2023Learning Harmonic Molecular Representations on Riemannian Manifoldcited by 8
- 2024Empower Structure-Based Molecule Optimization with Gradient Guided Bayesian Flow Networkscited by 6
- 2025Piloting Structure-Based Drug Design via Modality-Specific Optimal Schedulecited by 6
- 2023AtomSurf : Surface Representation for Learning on Protein Structurescited by 5
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrievalcited by 5
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamicscited by 5
- 20253DMolFormer: A Dual-channel Framework for Structure-based Drug Discoverycited by 4
28 more
- 2024TurboHopp: Accelerated Molecule Scaffold Hopping with Consistency Modelscited by 3
- 2025UniSite: The First Cross-Structure Dataset and Learning Framework for End-to-End Ligand Binding Site Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Geometric Deep Learning for Structure-Based Drug Design: A Surveycited by 2
- 2024BInD: Bond and Interaction-generating Diffusion Model for Multi-objective Structure-based Drug Designcited by 2
- 2025Conformation-Aware Structure Prediction of Antigen-Recognizing Immune Proteinscited by 2
- 2026Speaking the Language of Science: Toward a General-Purpose Generative Foundation Model for the Natural Sciencescited by 2
- 2023Geometric Epitope and Paratope Predictioncited by 1
- 2024Dockformer: A transformer-based molecular docking paradigm for large-scale virtual screeningcited by 1
- 2025Molecule Generation for Target Protein Binding with Hierarchical Consistency Diffusion Modelcited by 1
- 2025MolPIF: A Parameter Interpolation Flow Model for Molecule Generationcited by 1
- 2026TSSR: Two-Stage Swap-Reward-Driven Reinforcement Learning for Character-Level SMILES Generationcited by 1
- 2023MoleCLUEs: Molecular Conformers Maximally In-Distribution for Predictive Modelscited by 0
- 2024Quantum-Inspired Machine Learning for Molecular Dockingcited by 0
- 2024CADReN: Contextual Anchor-Driven Relational Network for Controllable Cross-Graphs Node Importance Estimationcited by 0
- 2024CW-CNN & CW-AN: Convolutional Networks and Attention Networks for CW-Complexescited by 0
- 2025Concept-Driven Deep Learning for Enhanced Protein-Specific Molecular Generationcited by 0
- 2025TransDiffSBDD: Causality-Aware Multi-Modal Structure-Based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2025MSCoD: An Enhanced Bayesian Updating Framework with Multi-Scale Information Bottleneck and Cooperative Attention for Structure-Based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2025HyperDiffusionFields (HyDiF): Diffusion-Guided Hypernetworks for Learning Implicit Molecular Neural Fieldscited by 0
- 2025SHA-256 Infused Embedding-Driven Generative Modeling of High-Energy Molecules in Low-Data Regimescited by 0
- 2025SculptDrug : A Spatial Condition-Aware Bayesian Flow Model for Structure-based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2026EvoEGF-Mol: Evolving Exponential Geodesic Flow for Structure-based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2026Reading the Cell, Designing the Cure: Perturbation-Conditioned Molecular Diffusion for Function-Oriented Drug Designcited by 0
- 2026Fine-tuning Pocket-Aware Diffusion Models via Denoising Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Probe Before You Edit: Probing-Guided Molecular Optimization for LLM Agents in Structure-Based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2026A Complexity Measure for Active Learning in Multi-group Mean Estimationcited by 0
- 2026PocketVE: Stable and Property-Guided Structure-Based Drug Design with Variance-Exploding Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insightscited by 0
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights9 Sep 2026
- 2026PocketVE: Stable and Property-Guided Structure-Based Drug Design with Variance-Exploding Diffusion8 Sep 2026
- 2026Speaking the Language of Science: Toward a General-Purpose Generative Foundation Model for the Natural Sciences15 Jun 2026
- 2026A Complexity Measure for Active Learning in Multi-group Mean Estimation12 Jun 2026
- 2026Probe Before You Edit: Probing-Guided Molecular Optimization for LLM Agents in Structure-Based Drug Design30 May 2026
- 2026Fine-tuning Pocket-Aware Diffusion Models via Denoising Policy Optimization17 May 2026
- 2026Reading the Cell, Designing the Cure: Perturbation-Conditioned Molecular Diffusion for Function-Oriented Drug Design14 May 2026
- 2026EvoEGF-Mol: Evolving Exponential Geodesic Flow for Structure-based Drug Design30 Jan 2026
- 2026TSSR: Two-Stage Swap-Reward-Driven Reinforcement Learning for Character-Level SMILES Generation8 Jan 2026
- 2025SculptDrug : A Spatial Condition-Aware Bayesian Flow Model for Structure-based Drug Design16 Nov 2025
- 2025SHA-256 Infused Embedding-Driven Generative Modeling of High-Energy Molecules in Low-Data Regimes28 Oct 2025
- 2025HyperDiffusionFields (HyDiF): Diffusion-Guided Hypernetworks for Learning Implicit Molecular Neural Fields20 Oct 2025
28 more
- 2025MSCoD: An Enhanced Bayesian Updating Framework with Multi-Scale Information Bottleneck and Cooperative Attention for Structure-Based Drug Design24 Sep 2025
- 2025MolPIF: A Parameter Interpolation Flow Model for Molecule Generation18 Jul 2025
- 2025Conformation-Aware Structure Prediction of Antigen-Recognizing Immune Proteins11 Jul 2025
- 2025UniSite: The First Cross-Structure Dataset and Learning Framework for End-to-End Ligand Binding Site Detection3 Jun 2025
- 2025Piloting Structure-Based Drug Design via Modality-Specific Optimal Schedule12 May 2025
- 2025TransDiffSBDD: Causality-Aware Multi-Modal Structure-Based Drug Design26 Mar 2025
- 2025Concept-Driven Deep Learning for Enhanced Protein-Specific Molecular Generation11 Mar 2025
- 2025Molecule Generation for Target Protein Binding with Hierarchical Consistency Diffusion Model2 Mar 2025
- 20253DMolFormer: A Dual-channel Framework for Structure-based Drug Discovery7 Feb 2025
- 2024Empower Structure-Based Molecule Optimization with Gradient Guided Bayesian Flow Networks20 Nov 2024
- 2024Dockformer: A transformer-based molecular docking paradigm for large-scale virtual screening11 Nov 2024
- 2024TurboHopp: Accelerated Molecule Scaffold Hopping with Consistency Models28 Oct 2024
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamics1 Oct 2024
- 2024CW-CNN & CW-AN: Convolutional Networks and Attention Networks for CW-Complexes29 Aug 2024
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Prediction24 Aug 2024
- 2024BInD: Bond and Interaction-generating Diffusion Model for Multi-objective Structure-based Drug Design27 May 2024
- 2024MolCRAFT: Structure-Based Drug Design in Continuous Parameter Space18 Apr 2024
- 2024CADReN: Contextual Anchor-Driven Relational Network for Controllable Cross-Graphs Node Importance Estimation6 Feb 2024
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrieval6 Feb 2024
- 2024Quantum-Inspired Machine Learning for Molecular Docking22 Jan 2024
- 2023A Universal Framework for Accurate and Efficient Geometric Deep Learning of Molecular Systems19 Nov 2023
- 2023AtomSurf : Surface Representation for Learning on Protein Structures28 Sep 2023
- 2023Geometric Deep Learning for Structure-Based Drug Design: A Survey20 Jun 2023
- 2023MoleCLUEs: Molecular Conformers Maximally In-Distribution for Predictive Models20 Jun 2023
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materials15 Jun 2023
- 2023Geometric Epitope and Paratope Prediction28 May 2023
- 2023Learning Harmonic Molecular Representations on Riemannian Manifold27 Mar 2023
- 2023EquiPocket: an E(3)-Equivariant Geometric Graph Neural Network for Ligand Binding Site Prediction23 Feb 2023
- 2024TurboHopp: Accelerated Molecule Scaffold Hopping with Consistency Modelscited by 3
- 2024BInD: Bond and Interaction-generating Diffusion Model for Multi-objective Structure-based Drug Designcited by 2
- 2025TransDiffSBDD: Causality-Aware Multi-Modal Structure-Based Drug Designcited by 0
- 2025HyperDiffusionFields (HyDiF): Diffusion-Guided Hypernetworks for Learning Implicit Molecular Neural Fieldscited by 0
- 2026Fine-tuning Pocket-Aware Diffusion Models via Denoising Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Fine-tuning Pocket-Aware Diffusion Models via Denoising Policy Optimization17 May 2026
- 2025HyperDiffusionFields (HyDiF): Diffusion-Guided Hypernetworks for Learning Implicit Molecular Neural Fields20 Oct 2025
- 2025TransDiffSBDD: Causality-Aware Multi-Modal Structure-Based Drug Design26 Mar 2025
- 2024TurboHopp: Accelerated Molecule Scaffold Hopping with Consistency Models28 Oct 2024
- 2024BInD: Bond and Interaction-generating Diffusion Model for Multi-objective Structure-based Drug Design27 May 2024
- 2024MolCRAFT: Structure-Based Drug Design in Continuous Parameter Spacecited by 48
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materialscited by 22
- 2023EquiPocket: an E(3)-Equivariant Geometric Graph Neural Network for Ligand Binding Site Predictioncited by 15
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Predictioncited by 13
- 2023A Universal Framework for Accurate and Efficient Geometric Deep Learning of Molecular Systemscited by 10
- 2023Learning Harmonic Molecular Representations on Riemannian Manifoldcited by 8
- 2024Empower Structure-Based Molecule Optimization with Gradient Guided Bayesian Flow Networkscited by 6
- 2025Piloting Structure-Based Drug Design via Modality-Specific Optimal Schedulecited by 6
- 2023AtomSurf : Surface Representation for Learning on Protein Structurescited by 5
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrievalcited by 5
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamicscited by 5
- 20253DMolFormer: A Dual-channel Framework for Structure-based Drug Discoverycited by 4
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights9 Sep 2026
- 2026PocketVE: Stable and Property-Guided Structure-Based Drug Design with Variance-Exploding Diffusion8 Sep 2026
- 2026Speaking the Language of Science: Toward a General-Purpose Generative Foundation Model for the Natural Sciences15 Jun 2026
- 2026A Complexity Measure for Active Learning in Multi-group Mean Estimation12 Jun 2026
- 2026Reading the Cell, Designing the Cure: Perturbation-Conditioned Molecular Diffusion for Function-Oriented Drug Design14 May 2026
- 2026EvoEGF-Mol: Evolving Exponential Geodesic Flow for Structure-based Drug Design30 Jan 2026
- 2026TSSR: Two-Stage Swap-Reward-Driven Reinforcement Learning for Character-Level SMILES Generation8 Jan 2026
- 2025SculptDrug : A Spatial Condition-Aware Bayesian Flow Model for Structure-based Drug Design16 Nov 2025
- 2025SHA-256 Infused Embedding-Driven Generative Modeling of High-Energy Molecules in Low-Data Regimes28 Oct 2025
- 2025MSCoD: An Enhanced Bayesian Updating Framework with Multi-Scale Information Bottleneck and Cooperative Attention for Structure-Based Drug Design24 Sep 2025
- 2025MolPIF: A Parameter Interpolation Flow Model for Molecule Generation18 Jul 2025
- 2025Conformation-Aware Structure Prediction of Antigen-Recognizing Immune Proteins11 Jul 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)