Sentence Representation Learning with Generative Objective rather than Contrastive Objective
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Abstract (arXiv)
Though offering amazing contextualized token-level representations, current pre-trained language models take less attention on accurately acquiring sentence-level representation during their self-supervised pre-training. However, contrastive objectives which dominate the current sentence representation learning bring little linguistic interpretability and no performance guarantee on downstream semantic tasks. We instead propose a novel generative self-supervised learning objective based on phrase reconstruction. To overcome the drawbacks of previous generative methods, we carefully model intra-sentence structure by breaking down one sentence into pieces of important phrases. Empirical studies show that our generative learning achieves powerful enough performance improvement and outperforms the current state-of-the-art contrastive methods not only on the STS benchmarks, but also on downstream semantic retrieval and reranking tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/chengzhipanpan/PaSeR.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Oct 2022.
Builds on
17 of 32 references.
References · 17
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,686
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
- 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,168
- 2015A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencecited by 1,837
- 2020Understanding Contrastive Representation Learning through Alignment and Uniformity on the Hyperspherecited by 1,393
- 2017SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluationcited by 998
- 2019EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Taskscited by 800
- 2017Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Datacited by 428
- 2021ConSERT: A Contrastive Framework for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Transfercited by 231
5 more
- 2021Whitening Sentence Representations for Better Semantics and Faster Retrievalcited by 198
- 2021TSDAE: Using Transformer-based Sequential Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Learningcited by 116
- 2020On the Sentence Embeddings from Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 83
- 2020Universal Sentence Representation Learning with Conditional Masked Language Modelcited by 34
- 2020Cross-Thought for Sentence Encoder Pre-trainingcited by 8
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
12 papers.
- 2023Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings from Scratchcited by 24
- 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rankcited by 23
- 2025Following the Autoregressive Nature of LLM Embeddings via Compression and Alignmentcited by 14
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyondcited by 11
- 2023Learning Disentangled Semantic Spaces of Explanations via Invertible Neural Networkscited by 6
- 2023Bridging Continuous and Discrete Spaces: Interpretable Sentence Representation Learning via Compositional Operationscited by 5
- 2024DenoSent: A Denoising Objective for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2024Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings via Knowledge-Driven Data Augmentation and Gaussian-Decayed Contrastive Learningcited by 4
- 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Surveycited by 3
- 2023RepCL: Exploring Effective Representation for Continual Text Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Text2Token: Unsupervised Text Representation Learning with Token Target Predictioncited by 0
- 2026AlertBERT: A noise-robust alert grouping framework for simultaneous cyber attackscited by 0
- 2026AlertBERT: A noise-robust alert grouping framework for simultaneous cyber attacks6 Feb 2026
- 2025Text2Token: Unsupervised Text Representation Learning with Token Target Prediction11 Oct 2025
- 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Following the Autoregressive Nature of LLM Embeddings via Compression and Alignment17 Feb 2025
- 2024Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings via Knowledge-Driven Data Augmentation and Gaussian-Decayed Contrastive Learning19 Sep 2024
- 2024DenoSent: A Denoising Objective for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Learning24 Jan 2024
- 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rank26 May 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings from Scratch24 May 2023
- 2023Bridging Continuous and Discrete Spaces: Interpretable Sentence Representation Learning via Compositional Operations24 May 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyond22 May 2023
- 2023RepCL: Exploring Effective Representation for Continual Text Classification12 May 2023
- 2023Learning Disentangled Semantic Spaces of Explanations via Invertible Neural Networks2 May 2023