mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Molecular Multimodal Foundation Model Associating Molecule Graphs with Natural Language

arXiv 2209.05481 ↗First posted 12 Sep 2022cs.LG cs.AIcited by 129

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Abstract (arXiv)

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in understanding molecules in a wide range of fields, existing models generally acquire the single cognitive ability from the single molecular modality. Since the hierarchy of molecular knowledge is profound, even humans learn from different modalities including both intuitive diagrams and professional texts to assist their understanding. Inspired by this, we propose a molecular multimodal foundation model which is pretrained from molecular graphs and their semantically related textual data (crawled from published Scientific Citation Index papers) via contrastive learning. This AI model represents a critical attempt that directly bridges molecular graphs and natural language. Importantly, through capturing the specific and complementary information of the two modalities, our proposed model can better grasp molecular expertise. Experimental results show that our model not only exhibits promising performance in cross-modal tasks such as cross-modal retrieval and molecule caption, but also enhances molecular property prediction and possesses capability to generate meaningful molecular graphs from natural language descriptions. We believe that our model would have a broad impact on AI-empowered fields across disciplines such as biology, chemistry, materials, environment, and medicine, among others.

Key facts. Cited by 129 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 80 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2022.

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41 of 80 references.

References · 41

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 28; 2024: 55; 2025: 31; 2026: 15.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 221
  2. 2023Large Language Models on Graphs: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 190
  3. 2023Mol-Instructions: A Large-Scale Biomolecular Instruction Dataset for Large Language Modelscited by 131
  4. 2023MolCA: Molecular Graph-Language Modeling with Cross-Modal Projector and Uni-Modal Adaptercited by 128
  5. 2023Graph Foundation Models: Concepts, Opportunities and Challengescited by 101
  6. 2023BioT5: Enriching Cross-modal Integration in Biology with Chemical Knowledge and Natural Language Associationscited by 100
  7. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Scientific Large Language Models and Their Applications in Scientific Discoverycited by 96
  8. 2023Empowering Molecule Discovery for Molecule-Caption Translation with Large Language Models: A ChatGPT Perspectivecited by 91
  9. 2023InstructMol: Multi-Modal Integration for Building a Versatile and Reliable Molecular Assistant in Drug Discoverycited by 86
  10. 2023A Survey of Graph Meets Large Language Model: Progress and Future Directionscited by 84
  11. 2024ZeroG: Investigating Cross-dataset Zero-shot Transferability in Graphscited by 83
  12. 2023GIT-Mol: A Multi-modal Large Language Model for Molecular Science with Graph, Image, and Textcited by 82
38 more
  1. 2023MolXPT: Wrapping Molecules with Text for Generative Pre-trainingcited by 81
  2. 2024Scientific Large Language Models: A Survey on Biological & Chemical Domainscited by 80
  3. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Graphscited by 71
  4. 2023GIMLET: A Unified Graph-Text Model for Instruction-Based Molecule Zero-Shot Learningcited by 70
  5. 2024Towards 3D Molecule-Text Interpretation in Language Modelscited by 65
  6. 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Frameworkcited by 61
  7. 2024GOFA: A Generative One-For-All Model for Joint Graph Language Modelingcited by 56
  8. 2024BioT5+: Towards Generalized Biological Understanding with IUPAC Integration and Multi-task Tuningcited by 54
  9. 2023MolFM: A Multimodal Molecular Foundation Modelcited by 50
  10. 2023SNIP: Bridging Mathematical Symbolic and Numeric Realms with Unified Pre-trainingcited by 41
  11. 2025A Survey of Scientific Large Language Models: From Data Foundations to Agent Frontierscited by 34
  12. 2024Graph Machine Learning in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 33
  13. 2024ChemReasoner: Heuristic Search over a Large Language Model's Knowledge Space using Quantum-Chemical Feedbackcited by 32
  14. 2023ChatGPT-powered Conversational Drug Editing Using Retrieval and Domain Feedbackcited by 30
  15. 2024Towards Graph Foundation Models: Learning Generalities Across Graphs via Task-Treescited by 30
  16. 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyondcited by 27
  17. 2024ProtT3: Protein-to-Text Generation for Text-based Protein Understandingcited by 25
  18. 2024MolecularGPT: Open Large Language Model (LLM) for Few-Shot Molecular Property Predictioncited by 24
  19. 2024Large Language Models in Drug Discovery and Development: From Disease Mechanisms to Clinical Trialscited by 24
  20. 2024UniMoT: Unified Molecule-Text Language Model with Discrete Token Representationcited by 23
  21. 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materialscited by 22
  22. 2024LLaMo: Large Language Model-based Molecular Graph Assistantcited by 22
  23. 2024Speak-to-Structure: Evaluating LLMs in Open-domain Natural Language-Driven Molecule Generationcited by 22
  24. 2023Domain-Agnostic Molecular Generation with Chemical Feedbackcited by 21
  25. 2024L+M-24: Building a Dataset for Language + Molecules @ ACL 2024cited by 21
  26. 2024MoleculeQA: A Dataset to Evaluate Factual Accuracy in Molecular Comprehensioncited by 19
  27. 2024ReactXT: Understanding Molecular "Reaction-ship" via Reaction-Contextualized Molecule-Text Pretrainingcited by 19
  28. 2024A quantitative analysis of knowledge-learning preferences in large language models in molecular sciencecited by 18
  29. 2024Large Language Models are In-Context Molecule Learnerscited by 18
  30. 2024LLM and GNN are Complementary: Distilling LLM for Multimodal Graph Learningcited by 17
  31. 2024HIGHT: Hierarchical Graph Tokenization for Molecule-Language Alignmentcited by 17
  32. 2023Monte Carlo Thought Search: Large Language Model Querying for Complex Scientific Reasoning in Catalyst Designcited by 16
  33. 2024Advancing Graph Representation Learning with Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Techniquescited by 16
  34. 2024Leveraging Biomolecule and Natural Language through Multi-Modal Learning: A Surveycited by 16
  35. 2025Mol-LLaMA: Towards General Understanding of Molecules in Large Molecular Language Modelcited by 16
  36. 2024From Words to Molecules: A Survey of Large Language Models in Chemistrycited by 14
  37. 2024PRESTO: Progressive Pretraining Enhances Synthetic Chemistry Outcomescited by 14
  38. 2023SynerGPT: In-Context Learning for Personalized Drug Synergy Prediction and Drug Designcited by 13

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