A Molecular Multimodal Foundation Model Associating Molecule Graphs with Natural Language
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Although artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in understanding molecules in a wide range of fields, existing models generally acquire the single cognitive ability from the single molecular modality. Since the hierarchy of molecular knowledge is profound, even humans learn from different modalities including both intuitive diagrams and professional texts to assist their understanding. Inspired by this, we propose a molecular multimodal foundation model which is pretrained from molecular graphs and their semantically related textual data (crawled from published Scientific Citation Index papers) via contrastive learning. This AI model represents a critical attempt that directly bridges molecular graphs and natural language. Importantly, through capturing the specific and complementary information of the two modalities, our proposed model can better grasp molecular expertise. Experimental results show that our model not only exhibits promising performance in cross-modal tasks such as cross-modal retrieval and molecule caption, but also enhances molecular property prediction and possesses capability to generate meaningful molecular graphs from natural language descriptions. We believe that our model would have a broad impact on AI-empowered fields across disciplines such as biology, chemistry, materials, environment, and medicine, among others.
Key facts. Cited by 129 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 80 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2022.
Builds on
41 of 80 references.
References · 41
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
- 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
- 2018How Powerful are Graph Neural Networks?cited by 4,355
- 2021Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervisioncited by 3,848
- 2017Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistrycited by 3,460
- 2020Open Graph Benchmark: Datasets for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 2,148
- 2019BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text miningcited by 1,935
29 more
- 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
- 2019SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Textcited by 1,404
- 2018Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximizationcited by 1,265
- 2020Oscar: Object-Semantics Aligned Pre-training for Vision-Language Taskscited by 1,213
- 2020Graph Contrastive Learning with Augmentationscited by 1,203
- 2018Deep Graph Infomaxcited by 1,101
- 2017MoleculeNet: A Benchmark for Molecular Machine Learningcited by 1,037
- 2019Strategies for Pre-training Graph Neural Networkscited by 964
- 2016Automatic chemical design using a data-driven continuous representation of moleculescited by 762
- 2018Junction Tree Variational Autoencoder for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 647
- 2021Supervision Exists Everywhere: A Data Efficient Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training Paradigmcited by 405
- 2020ChemBERTa: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pretraining for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 332
- 2020GraphAF: a Flow-based Autoregressive Model for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 301
- 2017Grammar Variational Autoencodercited by 283
- 2021Adversarial Graph Augmentation to Improve Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 200
- 2020MoFlow: An Invertible Flow Model for Generating Molecular Graphscited by 183
- 2021GraphDF: A Discrete Flow Model for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 177
- 2022Translation between Molecules and Natural Languagecited by 173
- 2022Pre-training via Denoising for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 124
- 2021Towards artificial general intelligence via a multimodal foundation modelcited by 112
- 2018Syntax-Directed Variational Autoencoder for Structured Datacited by 103
- 2019SMILES Transformer: Pre-trained Molecular Fingerprint for Low Data Drug Discoverycited by 89
- 2019MolecularRNN: Generating realistic molecular graphs with optimized propertiescited by 80
- 2021Keeping it Simple: Language Models can learn Complex Molecular Distributionscited by 68
- 2020Optimizing Molecules using Efficient Queries from Property Evaluationscited by 50
- 2020A Deep Generative Model for Molecule Optimization via One Fragment Modificationcited by 36
- 2021Chemical-Reaction-Aware Molecule Representation Learningcited by 36
- 2022MGCVAE: Multi-objective Inverse Design via Molecular Graph Conditional Variational Autoencodercited by 16
- 2022Bootstrapping Informative Graph Augmentation via A Meta Learning Approachcited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 28; 2024: 55; 2025: 31; 2026: 15.
129 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 221
- 2023Large Language Models on Graphs: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 190
- 2023Mol-Instructions: A Large-Scale Biomolecular Instruction Dataset for Large Language Modelscited by 131
- 2023MolCA: Molecular Graph-Language Modeling with Cross-Modal Projector and Uni-Modal Adaptercited by 128
- 2023Graph Foundation Models: Concepts, Opportunities and Challengescited by 101
- 2023BioT5: Enriching Cross-modal Integration in Biology with Chemical Knowledge and Natural Language Associationscited by 100
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Scientific Large Language Models and Their Applications in Scientific Discoverycited by 96
- 2023Empowering Molecule Discovery for Molecule-Caption Translation with Large Language Models: A ChatGPT Perspectivecited by 91
- 2023InstructMol: Multi-Modal Integration for Building a Versatile and Reliable Molecular Assistant in Drug Discoverycited by 86
- 2023A Survey of Graph Meets Large Language Model: Progress and Future Directionscited by 84
- 2024ZeroG: Investigating Cross-dataset Zero-shot Transferability in Graphscited by 83
- 2023GIT-Mol: A Multi-modal Large Language Model for Molecular Science with Graph, Image, and Textcited by 82
38 more
- 2023MolXPT: Wrapping Molecules with Text for Generative Pre-trainingcited by 81
- 2024Scientific Large Language Models: A Survey on Biological & Chemical Domainscited by 80
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Graphscited by 71
- 2023GIMLET: A Unified Graph-Text Model for Instruction-Based Molecule Zero-Shot Learningcited by 70
- 2024Towards 3D Molecule-Text Interpretation in Language Modelscited by 65
- 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Frameworkcited by 61
- 2024GOFA: A Generative One-For-All Model for Joint Graph Language Modelingcited by 56
- 2024BioT5+: Towards Generalized Biological Understanding with IUPAC Integration and Multi-task Tuningcited by 54
- 2023MolFM: A Multimodal Molecular Foundation Modelcited by 50
- 2023SNIP: Bridging Mathematical Symbolic and Numeric Realms with Unified Pre-trainingcited by 41
- 2025A Survey of Scientific Large Language Models: From Data Foundations to Agent Frontierscited by 34
- 2024Graph Machine Learning in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 33
- 2024ChemReasoner: Heuristic Search over a Large Language Model's Knowledge Space using Quantum-Chemical Feedbackcited by 32
- 2023ChatGPT-powered Conversational Drug Editing Using Retrieval and Domain Feedbackcited by 30
- 2024Towards Graph Foundation Models: Learning Generalities Across Graphs via Task-Treescited by 30
- 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyondcited by 27
- 2024ProtT3: Protein-to-Text Generation for Text-based Protein Understandingcited by 25
- 2024MolecularGPT: Open Large Language Model (LLM) for Few-Shot Molecular Property Predictioncited by 24
- 2024Large Language Models in Drug Discovery and Development: From Disease Mechanisms to Clinical Trialscited by 24
- 2024UniMoT: Unified Molecule-Text Language Model with Discrete Token Representationcited by 23
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materialscited by 22
- 2024LLaMo: Large Language Model-based Molecular Graph Assistantcited by 22
- 2024Speak-to-Structure: Evaluating LLMs in Open-domain Natural Language-Driven Molecule Generationcited by 22
- 2023Domain-Agnostic Molecular Generation with Chemical Feedbackcited by 21
- 2024L+M-24: Building a Dataset for Language + Molecules @ ACL 2024cited by 21
- 2024MoleculeQA: A Dataset to Evaluate Factual Accuracy in Molecular Comprehensioncited by 19
- 2024ReactXT: Understanding Molecular "Reaction-ship" via Reaction-Contextualized Molecule-Text Pretrainingcited by 19
- 2024A quantitative analysis of knowledge-learning preferences in large language models in molecular sciencecited by 18
- 2024Large Language Models are In-Context Molecule Learnerscited by 18
- 2024LLM and GNN are Complementary: Distilling LLM for Multimodal Graph Learningcited by 17
- 2024HIGHT: Hierarchical Graph Tokenization for Molecule-Language Alignmentcited by 17
- 2023Monte Carlo Thought Search: Large Language Model Querying for Complex Scientific Reasoning in Catalyst Designcited by 16
- 2024Advancing Graph Representation Learning with Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Techniquescited by 16
- 2024Leveraging Biomolecule and Natural Language through Multi-Modal Learning: A Surveycited by 16
- 2025Mol-LLaMA: Towards General Understanding of Molecules in Large Molecular Language Modelcited by 16
- 2024From Words to Molecules: A Survey of Large Language Models in Chemistrycited by 14
- 2024PRESTO: Progressive Pretraining Enhances Synthetic Chemistry Outcomescited by 14
- 2023SynerGPT: In-Context Learning for Personalized Drug Synergy Prediction and Drug Designcited by 13
50 most cited of 129 All 129 (JSON)
- 2026SafeMol: Dual-Modality Safety Alignment for Molecular Multimodal Models27 Sep 2026
- 2026TemporalGraphLLM: Temporal Graph Neural Networks with Large Language Models for Dynamic Text-Attributed Graphs25 Sep 2026
- 2026MolEmb: Multimodal Large Language Models Can Be Strong Molecular Embedding Models24 Aug 2026
- 2026Retrieval-guided Twin Fusion with Similarity-aware Contrast for Molecule-Text Alignment17 Aug 2026
- 2026PolyFusionAgent: A Multimodal Foundation Model and Autonomous AI Assistant for Polymer Property Prediction and Inverse Design26 May 2026
- 2026MoleCode unlocks structural intelligence in large language models15 May 2026
- 2026Bolek: A Multimodal Language Model for Molecular Reasoning4 May 2026
- 2026MultiPUFFIN: A Multimodal Domain-Constrained Foundation Model for Molecular Property Prediction of Small Molecules1 Mar 2026
- 2026Beyond Learning on Molecules by Weakly Supervising on Molecules4 Feb 2026
- 2026Scaling-Aware Adapter for Structure-Grounded LLM Reasoning2 Feb 2026
- 2026MolLangData: A Large-Scale Dataset for Molecular Structure-Language Description via a Rule-Regularized Method2 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Scaling Behaviors in Molecular Language Models: Effects of Model Size, Data, and Representation30 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2026DeepMoLM: Leveraging Visual and Geometric Structural Information for Molecule-Text Modeling21 Jan 2026
- 2026Improving Large Molecular Language Model via Relation-aware Multimodal Collaboration18 Jan 2026
- 2026A Vision for Multisensory Intelligence: Sensing, Science, and Synergy8 Jan 2026
- 2025ChemATP: A Training-Free Chemical Reasoning Framework for Large Language Models22 Dec 2025
- 2025MolEdit: Knowledge Editing for Multimodal Molecule Language Models16 Nov 2025
- 2025RTMol: Rethinking Molecule-text Alignment in a Round-trip View15 Nov 2025
- 2025GraphChain: Large Language Models for Large-scale Graph Analysis via Tool Chaining1 Nov 2025
- 2025Bridging the Gap Between Molecule and Textual Descriptions via Substructure-aware Alignment30 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Meet Text-Attributed Graphs: A Survey of Integration Frameworks and Applications24 Oct 2025
- 2025BadGraph: A Backdoor Attack Against Latent Diffusion Model for Text-Guided Graph Generation23 Oct 2025
- 2025KnowMol: Advancing Molecular Large Language Models with Multi-Level Chemical Knowledge22 Oct 2025
- 2025MoRA: On-the-fly Molecule-aware Low-Rank Adaptation Framework for LLM-based Multi-Modal Molecular Assistant14 Oct 2025
- 2025Training Text-to-Molecule Models with Context-Aware Tokenization30 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey of Scientific Large Language Models: From Data Foundations to Agent Frontiers28 Aug 2025
- 2025MolErr2Fix: Benchmarking LLM Trustworthiness in Chemistry via Modular Error Detection, Localization, Explanation, and Revision26 Aug 2025
- 2025Mol-R1: Towards Explicit Long-CoT Reasoning in Molecule Discovery11 Aug 2025
- 2025HSA-Net: Hierarchical and Structure-Aware Framework for Efficient and Scalable Molecular Language Modeling10 Aug 2025
- 2025CROP: Integrating Topological and Spatial Structures via Cross-View Prefixes for Molecular LLMs9 Aug 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Transform Organic Synthesis From Reaction Prediction to Automation7 Aug 2025
- 2025MolSnap: Snap-Fast Molecular Generation with Latent Variational Mean Flow7 Aug 2025
- 2025Adversarial Attacks and Defenses on Graph-aware Large Language Models (LLMs)6 Aug 2025
- 2025MolReasoner: Toward Effective and Interpretable Reasoning for Molecular LLMs4 Aug 2025
- 2025TRIDENT: Tri-Modal Molecular Representation Learning with Taxonomic Annotations and Local Correspondence26 Jun 2025
- 2025MolLangBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Language-Prompted Molecular Structure Recognition, Editing, and Generation21 May 2025
- 2025ChemPile: A 250GB Diverse and Curated Dataset for Chemical Foundation Models18 May 2025
- 2025Relation-Aware Graph Foundation Model17 May 2025
- 2025How to Detect and Defeat Molecular Mirage: A Metric-Driven Benchmark for Hallucination in LLM-based Molecular Comprehension10 Apr 2025
- 2025GraphT5: Unified Molecular Graph-Language Modeling via Multi-Modal Cross-Token Attention7 Mar 2025
- 2025MV-CLAM: Multi-View Molecular Interpretation with Cross-Modal Projection via Language Model23 Feb 2025
- 2025Contrastive Learning of English Language and Crystal Graphs for Multimodal Representation of Materials Knowledge23 Feb 2025
- 2025Mol-LLaMA: Towards General Understanding of Molecules in Large Molecular Language Model19 Feb 2025
- 2025Mol-LLM: Multimodal Generalist Molecular LLM with Improved Graph Utilization5 Feb 2025
- 2025OCSU: Optical Chemical Structure Understanding for Molecule-centric Scientific Discovery26 Jan 2025
- 2025Graph2text or Graph2token: A Perspective of Large Language Models for Graph Learning2 Jan 2025
- 2024ProtCLIP: Function-Informed Protein Multi-Modal Learning28 Dec 2024
- 2024From Generalist to Specialist: A Survey of Large Language Models for Chemistry28 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Graph Foundation Models: Learning Generalities Across Graphs via Task-Trees21 Dec 2024
- 2024Speak-to-Structure: Evaluating LLMs in Open-domain Natural Language-Driven Molecule Generation19 Dec 2024
50 newest of 129 All 129 (JSON)
- 2024ChemReasoner: Heuristic Search over a Large Language Model's Knowledge Space using Quantum-Chemical Feedbackcited by 32
- 2023Monte Carlo Thought Search: Large Language Model Querying for Complex Scientific Reasoning in Catalyst Designcited by 16
- 2025MolReasoner: Toward Effective and Interpretable Reasoning for Molecular LLMscited by 11
- 2025Mol-R1: Towards Explicit Long-CoT Reasoning in Molecule Discoverycited by 11
- 2025ChemATP: A Training-Free Chemical Reasoning Framework for Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Scaling-Aware Adapter for Structure-Grounded LLM Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Bolek: A Multimodal Language Model for Molecular Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Bolek: A Multimodal Language Model for Molecular Reasoning4 May 2026
- 2026Scaling-Aware Adapter for Structure-Grounded LLM Reasoning2 Feb 2026
- 2025ChemATP: A Training-Free Chemical Reasoning Framework for Large Language Models22 Dec 2025
- 2025Mol-R1: Towards Explicit Long-CoT Reasoning in Molecule Discovery11 Aug 2025
- 2025MolReasoner: Toward Effective and Interpretable Reasoning for Molecular LLMs4 Aug 2025
- 2024ChemReasoner: Heuristic Search over a Large Language Model's Knowledge Space using Quantum-Chemical Feedback15 Feb 2024
- 2023Monte Carlo Thought Search: Large Language Model Querying for Complex Scientific Reasoning in Catalyst Design22 Oct 2023
- 2024LDMol: A Text-to-Molecule Diffusion Model with Structurally Informative Latent Space Surpasses AR Modelscited by 11
- 2024Text-guided Diffusion Model for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 5
- 2024Instruction-Based Molecular Graph Generation with Unified Text-Graph Diffusion Modelcited by 3
- 2025BadGraph: A Backdoor Attack Against Latent Diffusion Model for Text-Guided Graph Generationcited by 0
- 2025BadGraph: A Backdoor Attack Against Latent Diffusion Model for Text-Guided Graph Generation23 Oct 2025
- 2024Text-guided Diffusion Model for 3D Molecule Generation4 Oct 2024
- 2024Instruction-Based Molecular Graph Generation with Unified Text-Graph Diffusion Model19 Aug 2024
- 2024LDMol: A Text-to-Molecule Diffusion Model with Structurally Informative Latent Space Surpasses AR Models28 May 2024
- 2023GIT-Mol: A Multi-modal Large Language Model for Molecular Science with Graph, Image, and Textcited by 82
- 2024Vision Language Model is NOT All You Need: Augmentation Strategies for Molecule Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026MolEmb: Multimodal Large Language Models Can Be Strong Molecular Embedding Modelscited by 3
- 2026DeepMoLM: Leveraging Visual and Geometric Structural Information for Molecule-Text Modelingcited by 0
- 2026MolEmb: Multimodal Large Language Models Can Be Strong Molecular Embedding Models24 Aug 2026
- 2026DeepMoLM: Leveraging Visual and Geometric Structural Information for Molecule-Text Modeling21 Jan 2026
- 2024Vision Language Model is NOT All You Need: Augmentation Strategies for Molecule Language Models12 Jul 2024
- 2023GIT-Mol: A Multi-modal Large Language Model for Molecular Science with Graph, Image, and Text14 Aug 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 221
- 2023Large Language Models on Graphs: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 190
- 2023Mol-Instructions: A Large-Scale Biomolecular Instruction Dataset for Large Language Modelscited by 131
- 2023MolCA: Molecular Graph-Language Modeling with Cross-Modal Projector and Uni-Modal Adaptercited by 128
- 2023Graph Foundation Models: Concepts, Opportunities and Challengescited by 101
- 2023BioT5: Enriching Cross-modal Integration in Biology with Chemical Knowledge and Natural Language Associationscited by 100
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Scientific Large Language Models and Their Applications in Scientific Discoverycited by 96
- 2023Empowering Molecule Discovery for Molecule-Caption Translation with Large Language Models: A ChatGPT Perspectivecited by 91
- 2023InstructMol: Multi-Modal Integration for Building a Versatile and Reliable Molecular Assistant in Drug Discoverycited by 86
- 2023A Survey of Graph Meets Large Language Model: Progress and Future Directionscited by 84
- 2024ZeroG: Investigating Cross-dataset Zero-shot Transferability in Graphscited by 83
- 2023MolXPT: Wrapping Molecules with Text for Generative Pre-trainingcited by 81
12 most cited of 110 All 110 (JSON)
- 2026TemporalGraphLLM: Temporal Graph Neural Networks with Large Language Models for Dynamic Text-Attributed Graphs25 Sep 2026
- 2026Retrieval-guided Twin Fusion with Similarity-aware Contrast for Molecule-Text Alignment17 Aug 2026
- 2026PolyFusionAgent: A Multimodal Foundation Model and Autonomous AI Assistant for Polymer Property Prediction and Inverse Design26 May 2026
- 2026MoleCode unlocks structural intelligence in large language models15 May 2026
- 2026MultiPUFFIN: A Multimodal Domain-Constrained Foundation Model for Molecular Property Prediction of Small Molecules1 Mar 2026
- 2026Beyond Learning on Molecules by Weakly Supervising on Molecules4 Feb 2026
- 2026MolLangData: A Large-Scale Dataset for Molecular Structure-Language Description via a Rule-Regularized Method2 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Scaling Behaviors in Molecular Language Models: Effects of Model Size, Data, and Representation30 Jan 2026
- 2026Improving Large Molecular Language Model via Relation-aware Multimodal Collaboration18 Jan 2026
- 2026A Vision for Multisensory Intelligence: Sensing, Science, and Synergy8 Jan 2026
- 2025MolEdit: Knowledge Editing for Multimodal Molecule Language Models16 Nov 2025
- 2025RTMol: Rethinking Molecule-text Alignment in a Round-trip View15 Nov 2025
12 newest of 110 All 110 (JSON)