Scalable Video Coding for Humans and Machines
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Abstract (arXiv)
Video content is watched not only by humans, but increasingly also by machines. For example, machine learning models analyze surveillance video for security and traffic monitoring, search through YouTube videos for inappropriate content, and so on. In this paper, we propose a scalable video coding framework that supports machine vision (specifically, object detection) through its base layer bitstream and human vision via its enhancement layer bitstream. The proposed framework includes components from both conventional and Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based video coding. The results show that on object detection, the proposed framework achieves 13-19% bit savings compared to state-of-the-art video codecs, while remaining competitive in terms of MS-SSIM on the human vision task.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Aug 2022.
Builds on
15 of 28 references.
References · 15
- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,429
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- 2019Image and Video Compression with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 82
- 2020Video Coding for Machines: A Paradigm of Collaborative Compression and Intelligent Analyticscited by 80
- 2021Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machinescited by 65
- 2020Towards Coding for Human and Machine Vision: A Scalable Image Coding Approachcited by 31
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
9 papers.
- 2024Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machines Using Feature Fusion Networkcited by 6
- 2023Learned Scalable Video Coding For Humans and Machinescited by 5
- 2022Task Oriented Video Coding: A Surveycited by 3
- 2023VVC+M: Plug and Play Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machinescited by 3
- 2025Explicit Residual-Based Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machinescited by 3
- 2025Guided Diffusion for the Extension of Machine Vision to Human Visual Perceptioncited by 2
- 2024NN-VVC: Versatile Video Coding boosted by self-supervisedly learned image coding for machinescited by 1
- 2025High Dynamic Range Video Compression: A Large-Scale Benchmark Dataset and A Learned Bit-depth Scalable Compression Algorithmcited by 0
- 2026Scalable Neural Video Representation Compressioncited by 0
- 2026Scalable Neural Video Representation Compression2 Sep 2026
- 2025Explicit Residual-Based Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machines24 Jun 2025
- 2025Guided Diffusion for the Extension of Machine Vision to Human Visual Perception23 Mar 2025
- 2025High Dynamic Range Video Compression: A Large-Scale Benchmark Dataset and A Learned Bit-depth Scalable Compression Algorithm1 Mar 2025
- 2024Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machines Using Feature Fusion Network15 May 2024
- 2024NN-VVC: Versatile Video Coding boosted by self-supervisedly learned image coding for machines19 Jan 2024
- 2023Learned Scalable Video Coding For Humans and Machines18 Jul 2023
- 2023VVC+M: Plug and Play Scalable Image Coding for Humans and Machines17 May 2023
- 2022Task Oriented Video Coding: A Survey15 Aug 2022