SCARA: Scalable Graph Neural Networks with Feature-Oriented Optimization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in data processing have stimulated the demand for learning graphs of very large scales. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), being an emerging and powerful approach in solving graph learning tasks, are known to be difficult to scale up. Most scalable models apply node-based techniques in simplifying the expensive graph message-passing propagation procedure of GNN. However, we find such acceleration insufficient when applied to million- or even billion-scale graphs. In this work, we propose SCARA, a scalable GNN with feature-oriented optimization for graph computation. SCARA efficiently computes graph embedding from node features, and further selects and reuses feature computation results to reduce overhead. Theoretical analysis indicates that our model achieves sub-linear time complexity with a guaranteed precision in propagation process as well as GNN training and inference. We conduct extensive experiments on various datasets to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of SCARA. Performance comparison with baselines shows that SCARA can reach up to 100x graph propagation acceleration than current state-of-the-art methods with fast convergence and comparable accuracy. Most notably, it is efficient to process precomputation on the largest available billion-scale GNN dataset Papers100M (111M nodes, 1.6B edges) in 100 seconds.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2022.
Builds on
27 of 42 references.
References · 27
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
- 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
- 2019Simplifying Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 1,470
- 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,133
- 2018Predict then Propagate: Graph Neural Networks meet Personalized PageRankcited by 987
- 2018Link Prediction Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 829
- 2018FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Samplingcited by 583
- 2019Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 540
- 2018Adversarial Attacks on Neural Networks for Graph Datacited by 395
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15 more
- 2015Diffusion-Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 268
- 2022Finding Global Homophily in Graph Neural Networks When Meeting Heterophilycited by 179
- 2020Graph-Bert: Only Attention is Needed for Learning Graph Representationscited by 176
- 2020Scaling Graph Neural Networks with Approximate PageRankcited by 174
- 2018Adversarial Attack and Defense on Graph Data: A Surveycited by 166
- 2018Attention-based Graph Neural Network for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 100
- 2021GNNAutoScale: Scalable and Expressive Graph Neural Networks via Historical Embeddingscited by 90
- 2020Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Bidirectional Propagationcited by 87
- 2021Scaling Up Graph Neural Networks Via Graph Coarseningcited by 80
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- 2019Efficient Algorithms for Approximate Single-Source Personalized PageRank Queriescited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
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- 2024FedGTA: Topology-aware Averaging for Federated Graph Learningcited by 44
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
- 2024Rethinking Node-wise Propagation for Large-scale Graph Learningcited by 16
- 2023SIGMA: An Efficient Heterophilous Graph Neural Network with Fast Global Aggregationcited by 10
- 2024A Comprehensive Benchmark on Spectral GNNs: The Impact on Efficiency, Memory, and Effectivenesscited by 6
- 2023Learning Graph Neural Networks using Exact Compressioncited by 3
- 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Expertscited by 3
- 2024Unifews: You Need Fewer Operations for Efficient Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2025ScaDyG:A New Paradigm for Large-scale Dynamic Graph Learningcited by 2
- 2025Graph Learning at Scale: Characterizing and Optimizing Pre-Propagation GNNscited by 2
- 2025ScaleGNN: Towards Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Adaptive High-order Neighboring Feature Fusioncited by 2
- 2024Can Large Language Models Act as Ensembler for Multi-GNNs?cited by 1
7 more
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Frameworkcited by 1
- 2025OpenGLT: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Graph Neural Networks for Graph-Level Taskscited by 0
- 2025Self-Supervised Graph Learning via Spectral Bootstrapping and Laplacian-Based Augmentationscited by 0
- 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Topology-based Learning at Scale for Homophilic and Heterophilic Graphscited by 0
- 2026Coden: Efficient Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Continuous Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Pre-Propagation GNNs: Robust Diffusion Operators and Hidden-State Re-Propagationcited by 0
- 2026FeLoG: Scalable and Efficient Distributed Graph Embedding with Feedback Loop Mechanismcited by 0
- 2026FeLoG: Scalable and Efficient Distributed Graph Embedding with Feedback Loop Mechanism20 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Pre-Propagation GNNs: Robust Diffusion Operators and Hidden-State Re-Propagation24 May 2026
- 2026Coden: Efficient Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Continuous Prediction13 Feb 2026
- 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Topology-based Learning at Scale for Homophilic and Heterophilic Graphs16 Dec 2025
- 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Experts11 Sep 2025
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Framework7 Aug 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Graph Learning via Spectral Bootstrapping and Laplacian-Based Augmentations25 Jun 2025
- 2025ScaleGNN: Towards Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Adaptive High-order Neighboring Feature Fusion22 Apr 2025
- 2025Graph Learning at Scale: Characterizing and Optimizing Pre-Propagation GNNs17 Apr 2025
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Survey8 Apr 2025
- 2025ScaDyG:A New Paradigm for Large-scale Dynamic Graph Learning27 Jan 2025
- 2025OpenGLT: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Graph Neural Networks for Graph-Level Tasks1 Jan 2025
7 more
- 2024Can Large Language Models Act as Ensembler for Multi-GNNs?22 Oct 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Benchmark on Spectral GNNs: The Impact on Efficiency, Memory, and Effectiveness14 Jun 2024
- 2024Unifews: You Need Fewer Operations for Efficient Graph Neural Networks20 Mar 2024
- 2024Rethinking Node-wise Propagation for Large-scale Graph Learning9 Feb 2024
- 2024FedGTA: Topology-aware Averaging for Federated Graph Learning22 Jan 2024
- 2023SIGMA: An Efficient Heterophilous Graph Neural Network with Fast Global Aggregation17 May 2023
- 2023Learning Graph Neural Networks using Exact Compression28 Apr 2023
- 2024FedGTA: Topology-aware Averaging for Federated Graph Learningcited by 44
- 2024Rethinking Node-wise Propagation for Large-scale Graph Learningcited by 16
- 2023SIGMA: An Efficient Heterophilous Graph Neural Network with Fast Global Aggregationcited by 10
- 2024A Comprehensive Benchmark on Spectral GNNs: The Impact on Efficiency, Memory, and Effectivenesscited by 6
- 2023Learning Graph Neural Networks using Exact Compressioncited by 3
- 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Expertscited by 3
- 2024Unifews: You Need Fewer Operations for Efficient Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2025ScaDyG:A New Paradigm for Large-scale Dynamic Graph Learningcited by 2
- 2025Graph Learning at Scale: Characterizing and Optimizing Pre-Propagation GNNscited by 2
- 2025ScaleGNN: Towards Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Adaptive High-order Neighboring Feature Fusioncited by 2
- 2024Can Large Language Models Act as Ensembler for Multi-GNNs?cited by 1
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Frameworkcited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026FeLoG: Scalable and Efficient Distributed Graph Embedding with Feedback Loop Mechanism20 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Pre-Propagation GNNs: Robust Diffusion Operators and Hidden-State Re-Propagation24 May 2026
- 2026Coden: Efficient Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Continuous Prediction13 Feb 2026
- 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Topology-based Learning at Scale for Homophilic and Heterophilic Graphs16 Dec 2025
- 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Experts11 Sep 2025
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Framework7 Aug 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Graph Learning via Spectral Bootstrapping and Laplacian-Based Augmentations25 Jun 2025
- 2025ScaleGNN: Towards Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Adaptive High-order Neighboring Feature Fusion22 Apr 2025
- 2025Graph Learning at Scale: Characterizing and Optimizing Pre-Propagation GNNs17 Apr 2025
- 2025ScaDyG:A New Paradigm for Large-scale Dynamic Graph Learning27 Jan 2025
- 2025OpenGLT: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Graph Neural Networks for Graph-Level Tasks1 Jan 2025
- 2024Can Large Language Models Act as Ensembler for Multi-GNNs?22 Oct 2024
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)