mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SCARA: Scalable Graph Neural Networks with Feature-Oriented Optimization

arXiv 2207.09179 ↗First posted 19 Jul 2022cs.LG cs.DBcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in data processing have stimulated the demand for learning graphs of very large scales. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), being an emerging and powerful approach in solving graph learning tasks, are known to be difficult to scale up. Most scalable models apply node-based techniques in simplifying the expensive graph message-passing propagation procedure of GNN. However, we find such acceleration insufficient when applied to million- or even billion-scale graphs. In this work, we propose SCARA, a scalable GNN with feature-oriented optimization for graph computation. SCARA efficiently computes graph embedding from node features, and further selects and reuses feature computation results to reduce overhead. Theoretical analysis indicates that our model achieves sub-linear time complexity with a guaranteed precision in propagation process as well as GNN training and inference. We conduct extensive experiments on various datasets to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of SCARA. Performance comparison with baselines shows that SCARA can reach up to 100x graph propagation acceleration than current state-of-the-art methods with fast convergence and comparable accuracy. Most notably, it is efficient to process precomputation on the largest available billion-scale GNN dataset Papers100M (111M nodes, 1.6B edges) in 100 seconds.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2022.

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27 of 42 references.

References · 27

  1. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
  2. 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
  3. 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
  4. 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
  5. 2019Simplifying Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 1,470
  6. 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,133
  7. 2018Predict then Propagate: Graph Neural Networks meet Personalized PageRankcited by 987
  8. 2018Link Prediction Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 829
  9. 2018FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Samplingcited by 583
  10. 2019Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 540
  11. 2018Adversarial Attacks on Neural Networks for Graph Datacited by 395
  12. 2018Deep Learning on Graphs: A Surveycited by 393
15 more
  1. 2015Diffusion-Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 268
  2. 2022Finding Global Homophily in Graph Neural Networks When Meeting Heterophilycited by 179
  3. 2020Graph-Bert: Only Attention is Needed for Learning Graph Representationscited by 176
  4. 2020Scaling Graph Neural Networks with Approximate PageRankcited by 174
  5. 2018Adversarial Attack and Defense on Graph Data: A Surveycited by 166
  6. 2018Attention-based Graph Neural Network for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 100
  7. 2021GNNAutoScale: Scalable and Expressive Graph Neural Networks via Historical Embeddingscited by 90
  8. 2020Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Bidirectional Propagationcited by 87
  9. 2021Scaling Up Graph Neural Networks Via Graph Coarseningcited by 80
  10. 2021VQ-GNN: A Universal Framework to Scale up Graph Neural Networks using Vector Quantizationcited by 39
  11. 2022Spiking Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 26
  12. 2021Approximate Graph Propagationcited by 21
  13. 2019DDGK: Learning Graph Representations for Deep Divergence Graph Kernelscited by 14
  14. 2021Unifying the Global and Local Approaches: An Efficient Power Iteration with Forward Pushcited by 8
  15. 2019Efficient Algorithms for Approximate Single-Source Personalized PageRank Queriescited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2024FedGTA: Topology-aware Averaging for Federated Graph Learningcited by 44
  2. 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
  3. 2024Rethinking Node-wise Propagation for Large-scale Graph Learningcited by 16
  4. 2023SIGMA: An Efficient Heterophilous Graph Neural Network with Fast Global Aggregationcited by 10
  5. 2024A Comprehensive Benchmark on Spectral GNNs: The Impact on Efficiency, Memory, and Effectivenesscited by 6
  6. 2023Learning Graph Neural Networks using Exact Compressioncited by 3
  7. 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Expertscited by 3
  8. 2024Unifews: You Need Fewer Operations for Efficient Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  9. 2025ScaDyG:A New Paradigm for Large-scale Dynamic Graph Learningcited by 2
  10. 2025Graph Learning at Scale: Characterizing and Optimizing Pre-Propagation GNNscited by 2
  11. 2025ScaleGNN: Towards Scalable Graph Neural Networks via Adaptive High-order Neighboring Feature Fusioncited by 2
  12. 2024Can Large Language Models Act as Ensembler for Multi-GNNs?cited by 1
7 more
  1. 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Frameworkcited by 1
  2. 2025OpenGLT: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Graph Neural Networks for Graph-Level Taskscited by 0
  3. 2025Self-Supervised Graph Learning via Spectral Bootstrapping and Laplacian-Based Augmentationscited by 0
  4. 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Topology-based Learning at Scale for Homophilic and Heterophilic Graphscited by 0
  5. 2026Coden: Efficient Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Continuous Predictioncited by 0
  6. 2026Revisiting Pre-Propagation GNNs: Robust Diffusion Operators and Hidden-State Re-Propagationcited by 0
  7. 2026FeLoG: Scalable and Efficient Distributed Graph Embedding with Feedback Loop Mechanismcited by 0