Adversarial Text Normalization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Text-based adversarial attacks are becoming more commonplace and accessible to general internet users. As these attacks proliferate, the need to address the gap in model robustness becomes imminent. While retraining on adversarial data may increase performance, there remains an additional class of character-level attacks on which these models falter. Additionally, the process to retrain a model is time and resource intensive, creating a need for a lightweight, reusable defense. In this work, we propose the Adversarial Text Normalizer, a novel method that restores baseline performance on attacked content with low computational overhead. We evaluate the efficacy of the normalizer on two problem areas prone to adversarial attacks, i.e. Hate Speech and Natural Language Inference. We find that text normalization provides a task-agnostic defense against character-level attacks that can be implemented supplementary to adversarial retraining solutions, which are more suited for semantic alterations.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jun 2022.
Builds on
19 of 25 references.
References · 19
- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,287
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
- 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 798
- 2019Is BERT Really Robust? A Strong Baseline for Natural Language Attack on Text Classification and Entailmentcited by 663
- 2021Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLPcited by 447
- 2018Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examplescited by 422
- 2018Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Networkscited by 282
- 2021Sustainable AI: Environmental Implications, Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 242
- 2020Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detectioncited by 217
- 2020HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 215
- 2019Combating Adversarial Misspellings with Robust Word Recognitioncited by 162
7 more
- 2019Text Processing Like Humans Do: Visually Attacking and Shielding NLP Systemscited by 99
- 2021Bad Characters: Imperceptible NLP Attackscited by 69
- 2020Robust Encodings: A Framework for Combating Adversarial Typoscited by 58
- 2021Dynaboard: An Evaluation-As-A-Service Platform for Holistic Next-Generation Benchmarkingcited by 53
- 2020From Hero to Z'eroe: A Benchmark of Low-Level Adversarial Attackscited by 36
- 2022AugLy: Data Augmentations for Robustnesscited by 34
- 2018Shielding Google's language toxicity model against adversarial attackscited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 3.
5 papers.
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?cited by 81
- 2026CSSBench: Evaluating the Safety of Lightweight LLMs against Chinese-Specific Adversarial Patternscited by 5
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networkscited by 2
- 2026Beyond Supervised Clarification: Input Rewriting with LLMs for Dialogue Discourse Parsingcited by 0
- 2026ReCAST: Restoration-aware Cascaded Stage-wise Training for Obfuscated SMS Risk Classificationcited by 0
- 2026ReCAST: Restoration-aware Cascaded Stage-wise Training for Obfuscated SMS Risk Classification4 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Supervised Clarification: Input Rewriting with LLMs for Dialogue Discourse Parsing2 Jul 2026
- 2026CSSBench: Evaluating the Safety of Lightweight LLMs against Chinese-Specific Adversarial Patterns2 Jan 2026
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks30 May 2024
- 2024Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?29 Jan 2024