A Transparency Index Framework for AI in Education
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Abstract (arXiv)
Numerous AI ethics checklists and frameworks have been proposed focusing on different dimensions of ethical AI such as fairness, explainability, and safety. Yet, no such work has been done on developing transparent AI systems for real-world educational scenarios. This paper presents a Transparency Index framework that has been iteratively co-designed with different stakeholders of AI in education, including educators, ed-tech experts, and AI practitioners. We map the requirements of transparency for different categories of stakeholders of AI in education and demonstrate that transparency considerations are embedded in the entire AI development process from the data collection stage until the AI system is deployed in the real world and iteratively improved. We also demonstrate how transparency enables the implementation of other ethical AI dimensions in Education like interpretability, accountability, and safety. In conclusion, we discuss the directions for future research in this newly emerging field. The main contribution of this study is that it highlights the importance of transparency in developing AI-powered educational technologies and proposes an index framework for its conceptualization for AI in education.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2022.
Builds on
5 of 76 references.
References · 5
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
- 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,068
- 2018Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need?cited by 262
- 2017Transparency: Motivations and Challengescited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2023Practical and Ethical Challenges of Large Language Models in Education: A Systematic Scoping Reviewcited by 83
- 2024Knowledge Graphs as Context Sources for LLM-Based Explanations of Learning Recommendationscited by 31
- 2024Supporting Student Decisions on Learning Recommendations: An LLM-Based Chatbot with Knowledge Graph Contextualization for Conversational Explainability and Mentoringcited by 11
- 2025The Accountability Paradox: How Platform API Restrictions Undermine AI Transparency Mandatescited by 7
- 2023Designing explainable artificial intelligence with active inference: A framework for transparent introspection and decision-makingcited by 6
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey and Classification of Evaluation Criteria for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligencecited by 3
- 2024Ethical AI Governance: Methods for Evaluating Trustworthy AIcited by 2
- 2025"Would You Want an AI Tutor?" Understanding Stakeholder Perceptions of LLM-based Systems in the Classroomcited by 2
- 2025A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectificationcited by 2
- 2025Multi-Stakeholder Alignment in LLM-Powered Collaborative AI Systems: A Multi-Agent Framework for Intelligent Tutoringcited by 2
- 2025Machine vs Machine: Using AI to Tackle Generative AI Threats in Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026Voting Protocols as Coordination Mechanisms for Role-Constrained Multi-Agent Tutoring Systemscited by 0
1 more
- 2026AI Transparency: Governance Compliance or Stakeholder Requirements?16 Jun 2026
- 2026Voting Protocols as Coordination Mechanisms for Role-Constrained Multi-Agent Tutoring Systems6 Jun 2026
- 2025Multi-Stakeholder Alignment in LLM-Powered Collaborative AI Systems: A Multi-Agent Framework for Intelligent Tutoring27 Oct 2025
- 2025A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectification25 Sep 2025
- 2025Machine vs Machine: Using AI to Tackle Generative AI Threats in Assessment31 May 2025
- 2025The Accountability Paradox: How Platform API Restrictions Undermine AI Transparency Mandates16 May 2025
- 2025"Would You Want an AI Tutor?" Understanding Stakeholder Perceptions of LLM-based Systems in the Classroom2 Feb 2025
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey and Classification of Evaluation Criteria for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence10 Oct 2024
- 2024Ethical AI Governance: Methods for Evaluating Trustworthy AI28 Aug 2024
- 2024Knowledge Graphs as Context Sources for LLM-Based Explanations of Learning Recommendations5 Mar 2024
- 2024Supporting Student Decisions on Learning Recommendations: An LLM-Based Chatbot with Knowledge Graph Contextualization for Conversational Explainability and Mentoring16 Jan 2024
- 2023Designing explainable artificial intelligence with active inference: A framework for transparent introspection and decision-making6 Jun 2023
- 2023Practical and Ethical Challenges of Large Language Models in Education: A Systematic Scoping Reviewcited by 83
- 2024Knowledge Graphs as Context Sources for LLM-Based Explanations of Learning Recommendationscited by 31
- 2024Supporting Student Decisions on Learning Recommendations: An LLM-Based Chatbot with Knowledge Graph Contextualization for Conversational Explainability and Mentoringcited by 11
- 2025The Accountability Paradox: How Platform API Restrictions Undermine AI Transparency Mandatescited by 7
- 2023Designing explainable artificial intelligence with active inference: A framework for transparent introspection and decision-makingcited by 6
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey and Classification of Evaluation Criteria for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligencecited by 3
- 2024Ethical AI Governance: Methods for Evaluating Trustworthy AIcited by 2
- 2025"Would You Want an AI Tutor?" Understanding Stakeholder Perceptions of LLM-based Systems in the Classroomcited by 2
- 2025A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectificationcited by 2
- 2025Machine vs Machine: Using AI to Tackle Generative AI Threats in Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026AI Transparency: Governance Compliance or Stakeholder Requirements?cited by 0
- 2026AI Transparency: Governance Compliance or Stakeholder Requirements?16 Jun 2026
- 2025A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectification25 Sep 2025
- 2025Machine vs Machine: Using AI to Tackle Generative AI Threats in Assessment31 May 2025
- 2025The Accountability Paradox: How Platform API Restrictions Undermine AI Transparency Mandates16 May 2025
- 2025"Would You Want an AI Tutor?" Understanding Stakeholder Perceptions of LLM-based Systems in the Classroom2 Feb 2025
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey and Classification of Evaluation Criteria for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence10 Oct 2024
- 2024Ethical AI Governance: Methods for Evaluating Trustworthy AI28 Aug 2024
- 2024Knowledge Graphs as Context Sources for LLM-Based Explanations of Learning Recommendations5 Mar 2024
- 2024Supporting Student Decisions on Learning Recommendations: An LLM-Based Chatbot with Knowledge Graph Contextualization for Conversational Explainability and Mentoring16 Jan 2024
- 2023Designing explainable artificial intelligence with active inference: A framework for transparent introspection and decision-making6 Jun 2023
- 2023Practical and Ethical Challenges of Large Language Models in Education: A Systematic Scoping Review17 Mar 2023