Empathic Conversations: A Multi-level Dataset of Contextualized Conversations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Empathy is a cognitive and emotional reaction to an observed situation of others. Empathy has recently attracted interest because it has numerous applications in psychology and AI, but it is unclear how different forms of empathy (e.g., self-report vs counterpart other-report, concern vs. distress) interact with other affective phenomena or demographics like gender and age. To better understand this, we created the it Empathic Conversations dataset of annotated negative, empathy-eliciting dialogues in which pairs of participants converse about news articles. People differ in their perception of the empathy of others. These differences are associated with certain characteristics such as personality and demographics. Hence, we collected detailed characterization of the participants' traits, their self-reported empathetic response to news articles, their conversational partner other-report, and turn-by-turn third-party assessments of the level of self-disclosure, emotion, and empathy expressed. This dataset is the first to present empathy in multiple forms along with personal distress, emotion, personality characteristics, and person-level demographic information. We present baseline models for predicting some of these features from conversations.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 May 2022.
Builds on
17 of 54 references.
References · 17
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
- 2017DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Datasetcited by 649
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
- 2016Diverse Beam Search: Decoding Diverse Solutions from Neural Sequence Modelscited by 299
- 2016A Persona-Based Neural Conversation Modelcited by 221
- 2020A Computational Approach to Understanding Empathy Expressed in Text-Based Mental Health Supportcited by 182
- 2020Can You Put it All Together: Evaluating Conversational Agents' Ability to Blend Skillscited by 130
- 2018Training Millions of Personalized Dialogue Agentscited by 126
- 2020MIME: MIMicking Emotions for Empathetic Response Generationcited by 114
- 2019MoEL: Mixture of Empathetic Listenerscited by 91
- 2022Human-AI Collaboration Enables More Empathic Conversations in Text-based Peer-to-Peer Mental Health Supportcited by 68
- 2018Modeling Empathy and Distress in Reaction to News Storiescited by 52
5 more
- 2020Designing Precise and Robust Dialogue Response Evaluatorscited by 37
- 2019EmpDG: Multiresolution Interactive Empathetic Dialogue Generationcited by 14
- 2019Learning Word Ratings for Empathy and Distress from Document-Level User Responsescited by 10
- 2021Emotion Ratings: How Intensity, Annotation Confidence and Agreements are Entangledcited by 10
- 2016Towards Empathetic Human-Robot Interactionscited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 9; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?cited by 99
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Processcited by 16
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetworkcited by 15
- 2024The Illusion of Empathy: How AI Chatbots Shape Conversation Perceptioncited by 12
- 2023Psychological Metrics for Dialog System Evaluationcited by 4
- 2024ConText at WASSA 2024 Empathy and Personality Shared Task: History-Dependent Embedding Utterance Representations for Empathy and Emotion Prediction in Conversationscited by 3
- 2023NLP as a Lens for Causal Analysis and Perception Mining to Infer Mental Health on Social Mediacited by 2
- 2023Comparing Styles across Languages: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Politenesscited by 2
- 2024Modeling Empathetic Alignment in Conversationcited by 2
- 2024CPsyExam: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Psychology using Examinationscited by 2
- 2024GIEBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Group Identity-based Empathy for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Secret Keepers: The Impact of LLMs on Linguistic Markers of Personal Traitscited by 1
8 more
- 2024Turn-Level Empathy Prediction Using Psychological Indicatorscited by 1
- 2025Labels Generated by Large Language Models Help Measure People's Empathy in Vitrocited by 1
- 2025UPLME: Uncertainty-Aware Probabilistic Language Modelling for Robust Empathy Regressioncited by 1
- 2023VISU at WASSA 2023 Shared Task: Detecting Emotions in Reaction to News Stories Leveraging BERT and Stacked Embeddingscited by 0
- 2023Empathy and Distress Detection using Ensembles of Transformer Modelscited by 0
- 2024Towards More Accurate Prediction of Human Empathy and Emotion in Text and Multi-turn Conversations by Combining Advanced NLP, Transformers-based Networks, and Linguistic Methodologiescited by 0
- 2026EmplifAI: a Fine-grained Dataset for Japanese Empathetic Medical Dialogues in 28 Emotion Labelscited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026EmplifAI: a Fine-grained Dataset for Japanese Empathetic Medical Dialogues in 28 Emotion Labels15 Jan 2026
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetwork18 Oct 2025
- 2025UPLME: Uncertainty-Aware Probabilistic Language Modelling for Robust Empathy Regression5 Aug 2025
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Process7 Jul 2025
- 2025Labels Generated by Large Language Models Help Measure People's Empathy in Vitro1 Jan 2025
- 2024The Illusion of Empathy: How AI Chatbots Shape Conversation Perception19 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards More Accurate Prediction of Human Empathy and Emotion in Text and Multi-turn Conversations by Combining Advanced NLP, Transformers-based Networks, and Linguistic Methodologies26 Jul 2024
- 2024Turn-Level Empathy Prediction Using Psychological Indicators11 Jul 2024
- 2024ConText at WASSA 2024 Empathy and Personality Shared Task: History-Dependent Embedding Utterance Representations for Empathy and Emotion Prediction in Conversations4 Jul 2024
- 2024GIEBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Group Identity-based Empathy for Large Language Models21 Jun 2024
- 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?17 Jun 2024
8 more
- 2024CPsyExam: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Psychology using Examinations16 May 2024
- 2024Modeling Empathetic Alignment in Conversation2 May 2024
- 2024Secret Keepers: The Impact of LLMs on Linguistic Markers of Personal Traits30 Mar 2024
- 2023Empathy and Distress Detection using Ensembles of Transformer Models5 Dec 2023
- 2023Comparing Styles across Languages: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Politeness11 Oct 2023
- 2023VISU at WASSA 2023 Shared Task: Detecting Emotions in Reaction to News Stories Leveraging BERT and Stacked Embeddings27 Jul 2023
- 2023Psychological Metrics for Dialog System Evaluation24 May 2023
- 2023NLP as a Lens for Causal Analysis and Perception Mining to Infer Mental Health on Social Media26 Jan 2023
- 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?cited by 99
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetworkcited by 15
- 2024The Illusion of Empathy: How AI Chatbots Shape Conversation Perceptioncited by 12
- 2023Psychological Metrics for Dialog System Evaluationcited by 4
- 2024ConText at WASSA 2024 Empathy and Personality Shared Task: History-Dependent Embedding Utterance Representations for Empathy and Emotion Prediction in Conversationscited by 3
- 2023NLP as a Lens for Causal Analysis and Perception Mining to Infer Mental Health on Social Mediacited by 2
- 2023Comparing Styles across Languages: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Politenesscited by 2
- 2024Modeling Empathetic Alignment in Conversationcited by 2
- 2024CPsyExam: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Psychology using Examinationscited by 2
- 2024GIEBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Group Identity-based Empathy for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Secret Keepers: The Impact of LLMs on Linguistic Markers of Personal Traitscited by 1
- 2024Turn-Level Empathy Prediction Using Psychological Indicatorscited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026EmplifAI: a Fine-grained Dataset for Japanese Empathetic Medical Dialogues in 28 Emotion Labels15 Jan 2026
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetwork18 Oct 2025
- 2025UPLME: Uncertainty-Aware Probabilistic Language Modelling for Robust Empathy Regression5 Aug 2025
- 2025Labels Generated by Large Language Models Help Measure People's Empathy in Vitro1 Jan 2025
- 2024The Illusion of Empathy: How AI Chatbots Shape Conversation Perception19 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards More Accurate Prediction of Human Empathy and Emotion in Text and Multi-turn Conversations by Combining Advanced NLP, Transformers-based Networks, and Linguistic Methodologies26 Jul 2024
- 2024Turn-Level Empathy Prediction Using Psychological Indicators11 Jul 2024
- 2024ConText at WASSA 2024 Empathy and Personality Shared Task: History-Dependent Embedding Utterance Representations for Empathy and Emotion Prediction in Conversations4 Jul 2024
- 2024GIEBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Group Identity-based Empathy for Large Language Models21 Jun 2024
- 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?17 Jun 2024
- 2024CPsyExam: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Psychology using Examinations16 May 2024
- 2024Modeling Empathetic Alignment in Conversation2 May 2024
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)