Classifiers are Better Experts for Controllable Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper proposes a simple method for controllable text generation based on weighting logits with a free-form classifier, namely CAIF sampling. Using an arbitrary text classifier, we adjust a small part of a language model's logits and guide text generation towards or away from classifier prediction. We experimented with toxicity avoidance and sentiment control tasks and showed that the proposed method significantly outperforms recent PPLM, GeDi, and DExperts on PPL and task accuracy metrics based on the external classifier of generated texts. In addition, compared to other approaches, it is easier to implement and tune and has significantly fewer restrictions and requirements.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 12 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 May 2022.
Builds on
9 of 12 references.
References · 9
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,881
- 2020RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Modelscited by 1,235
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,182
- 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 793
- 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 754
- 2021DExperts: Decoding-Time Controlled Text Generation with Experts and Anti-Expertscited by 434
- 2020TweetEval: Unified Benchmark and Comparative Evaluation for Tweet Classificationcited by 414
- 2020GeDi: Generative Discriminator Guided Sequence Generationcited by 377
- 2021FUDGE: Controlled Text Generation With Future Discriminatorscited by 374
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
10 papers.
- 2023Reward-Augmented Decoding: Efficient Controlled Text Generation With a Unidirectional Reward Modelcited by 79
- 2023Controlled Text Generation via Language Model Arithmeticcited by 51
- 2024Controlled Text Generation for Large Language Model with Dynamic Attribute Graphscited by 16
- 2025Decoupling Task-Solving and Output Formatting in LLM Generationcited by 8
- 2024Multi-trait User Simulation with Adaptive Decoding for Conversational Task Assistantscited by 5
- 2025JAM: Controllable and Responsible Text Generation via Causal Reasoning and Latent Vector Manipulationcited by 5
- 2024On the Low-Rank Parametrization of Reward Models for Controlled Language Generationcited by 3
- 2026UniARM: Towards a Unified Autoregressive Reward Model for Multi-Objective Test-Time Alignmentcited by 3
- 2023Steering Language Generation: Harnessing Contrastive Expert Guidance and Negative Prompting for Coherent and Diverse Synthetic Data Generationcited by 2
- 2026CLIPer: Tailoring Diverse User Preference via Classifier-Guided Inference-Time Personalizationcited by 0
- 2026CLIPer: Tailoring Diverse User Preference via Classifier-Guided Inference-Time Personalization8 May 2026
- 2026UniARM: Towards a Unified Autoregressive Reward Model for Multi-Objective Test-Time Alignment10 Feb 2026
- 2025Decoupling Task-Solving and Output Formatting in LLM Generation4 Oct 2025
- 2025JAM: Controllable and Responsible Text Generation via Causal Reasoning and Latent Vector Manipulation28 Feb 2025
- 2024Multi-trait User Simulation with Adaptive Decoding for Conversational Task Assistants16 Oct 2024
- 2024On the Low-Rank Parametrization of Reward Models for Controlled Language Generation5 Jul 2024
- 2024Controlled Text Generation for Large Language Model with Dynamic Attribute Graphs17 Feb 2024
- 2023Controlled Text Generation via Language Model Arithmetic24 Nov 2023
- 2023Reward-Augmented Decoding: Efficient Controlled Text Generation With a Unidirectional Reward Model14 Oct 2023
- 2023Steering Language Generation: Harnessing Contrastive Expert Guidance and Negative Prompting for Coherent and Diverse Synthetic Data Generation15 Aug 2023