mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

What is Proxy Discrimination?

arXiv 2205.05265 ↗First posted 11 May 2022cs.LG cs.CYcited by 7

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The near universal condemnation of proxy discrimination hides a disagreement over what it is. This work surveys various notions of proxy and proxy discrimination found in prior work and represents them in a common framework. These notions variously turn on statistical dependencies, causal effects, and intentions. It discusses the limitations and uses of each notation and of the concept as a whole.

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2022.

Builds on

10 of 55 references.

References · 10

  1. 2014Certifying and removing disparate impactcited by 715
  2. 2017Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairnesscited by 381
  3. 2017Avoiding Discrimination through Causal Reasoningcited by 191
  4. 2018An Empirical Study of Rich Subgroup Fairness for Machine Learningcited by 81
  5. 2017From Parity to Preference-based Notions of Fairness in Classificationcited by 60
  6. 2018Fairness Under Compositioncited by 43
  7. 2017Proxy Non-Discrimination in Data-Driven Systemscited by 13
  8. 2021On the Distinction Between "Conditional Average Treatment Effects" (CATE) and "Individual Treatment Effects" (ITE) Under Ignorability Assumptionscited by 9
  9. 2021Definitions of intent suitable for algorithmscited by 8
  10. 2014A Methodology for Information Flow Experimentscited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 2.

7 papers.

  1. 2023Revisiting the Performance-Explainability Trade-Off in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)cited by 10
  2. 2023Counterfactual Situation Testing: Uncovering Discrimination under Fairness given the Differencecited by 8
  3. 2024Unlawful Proxy Discrimination: A Framework for Challenging Inherently Discriminatory Algorithmscited by 5
  4. 2024Mutatis Mutandis: Revisiting the Comparator in Discrimination Testingcited by 2
  5. 2024Formalising Anti-Discrimination Law in Automated Decision Systemscited by 2
  6. 2025Counterfactual Situation Testing: From Single to Multidimensional Discriminationcited by 2
  7. 2025On Explaining Proxy Discrimination and Unfairness in Individual Decisions Made by AI Systemscited by 1