mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Single-Turn Debate Does Not Help Humans Answer Hard Reading-Comprehension Questions

arXiv 2204.05212 ↗First posted 11 Apr 2022cs.CLcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current QA systems can generate reasonable-sounding yet false answers without explanation or evidence for the generated answer, which is especially problematic when humans cannot readily check the model's answers. This presents a challenge for building trust in machine learning systems. We take inspiration from real-world situations where difficult questions are answered by considering opposing sides (see Irving et al., 2018). For multiple-choice QA examples, we build a dataset of single arguments for both a correct and incorrect answer option in a debate-style set-up as an initial step in training models to produce explanations for two candidate answers. We use long contexts -- humans familiar with the context write convincing explanations for pre-selected correct and incorrect answers, and we test if those explanations allow humans who have not read the full context to more accurately determine the correct answer. We do not find that explanations in our set-up improve human accuracy, but a baseline condition shows that providing human-selected text snippets does improve accuracy. We use these findings to suggest ways of improving the debate set up for future data collection efforts.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Apr 2022.

Builds on

13 of 16 references.

References · 13

  1. 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,745
  2. 2018From Recognition to Cognition: Visual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 556
  3. 2018e-SNLI: Natural Language Inference with Natural Language Explanationscited by 468
  4. 2018AI safety via debatecited by 400
  5. 2020Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performancecited by 399
  6. 2019Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 367
  7. 2020Questioning the AI: Informing Design Practices for Explainable AI User Experiencescited by 253
  8. 2021QuALITY: Question Answering with Long Input Texts, Yes!cited by 208
  9. 2018On Human Predictions with Explanations and Predictions of Machine Learning Models: A Case Study on Deception Detectioncited by 159
  10. 2018How do Humans Understand Explanations from Machine Learning Systems? An Evaluation of the Human-Interpretability of Explanationcited by 72
  11. 2019Quantifying Interpretability and Trust in Machine Learning Systemscited by 49
  12. 2020Joint Mind Modeling for Explanation Generation in Complex Human-Robot Collaborative Taskscited by 15
1 more
  1. 2020Beneficial and Harmful Explanatory Machine Learningcited by 13

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2022Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgementscited by 531
  2. 2022Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluatorscited by 380
  3. 2022The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 258
  4. 2022Measuring Progress on Scalable Oversight for Large Language Modelscited by 225
  5. 2024On scalable oversight with weak LLMs judging strong LLMscited by 99
  6. 2023Large Language Models Help Humans Verify Truthfulness -- Except When They Are Convincingly Wrongcited by 51
  7. 2023In Search of Verifiability: Explanations Rarely Enable Complementary Performance in AI-Advised Decision Makingcited by 50
  8. 2024How Susceptible are LLMs to Influence in Prompts?cited by 33
  9. 2022Two-Turn Debate Doesn't Help Humans Answer Hard Reading Comprehension Questionscited by 17
  10. 2024Training Language Models to Win Debates with Self-Play Improves Judge Accuracycited by 16
  11. 2025An alignment safety case sketch based on debatecited by 16
  12. 2025Debate Helps Weak-to-Strong Generalizationcited by 8
11 more
  1. 2025RedDebate: Safer Responses Through Multi-Agent Red Teaming Debatescited by 7
  2. 2023Playing Large Games with Oracles and AI Debatecited by 6
  3. 2025MODS: Moderating a Mixture of Document Speakers to Summarize Debatable Queries in Document Collectionscited by 4
  4. 2025AI Debaters are More Persuasive when Arguing in Alignment with Their Own Beliefscited by 4
  5. 2026Debate Training Reduces Reward Hacking in RLAIFcited by 4
  6. 2025Human-AI Complementarity: A Goal for Amplified Oversightcited by 3
  7. 2025Arguments that Alter Minds: LLM Rationales Sway Human (and LLM) Notions of Plausibilitycited by 2
  8. 2025Reasoning Court: Combining Reasoning, Action, and Judgment for Multi-Hop Reasoningcited by 1
  9. 2026Debate Helps Weak Judges Reward Stronger Modelscited by 1
  10. 2026When Helping Hurts and How to Fix It: Multi-Agent Debate for Data Cleaningcited by 0
  11. 2026Collaborative Disagreement Resolution for Scalable Oversightcited by 0