mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Constrained Least Squares for Blind Image Super-Resolution

arXiv 2202.07508 ↗First posted 15 Feb 2022eess.IV cs.CVcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we tackle the problem of blind image super-resolution(SR) with a reformulated degradation model and two novel modules. Following the common practices of blind SR, our method proposes to improve both the kernel estimation as well as the kernel-based high-resolution image restoration. To be more specific, we first reformulate the degradation model such that the deblurring kernel estimation can be transferred into the low-resolution space. On top of this, we introduce a dynamic deep linear filter module. Instead of learning a fixed kernel for all images, it can adaptively generate deblurring kernel weights conditional on the input and yield a more robust kernel estimation. Subsequently, a deep constrained least square filtering module is applied to generate clean features based on the reformulation and estimated kernel. The deblurred feature and the low input image feature are then fed into a dual-path structured SR network and restore the final high-resolution result. To evaluate our method, we further conduct evaluations on several benchmarks, including Gaussian8 and DIV2KRK. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better accuracy and visual improvements against state-of-the-art methods.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2022.

Builds on

39 of 61 references.

References · 39

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  3. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  4. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
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  9. 2016Real-Time Single Image and Video Super-Resolution Using an Efficient Sub-Pixel Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 1,199
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27 more
  1. 2017Deep Laplacian Pyramid Networks for Fast and Accurate Super-Resolutioncited by 452
  2. 2014On the Number of Linear Regions of Deep Neural Networkscited by 378
  3. 2018Recovering Realistic Texture in Image Super-resolution by Deep Spatial Feature Transformcited by 369
  4. 2015Sketch-based Manga Retrieval using Manga109 Datasetcited by 326
  5. 2015Deeply-Recursive Convolutional Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 317
  6. 2017"Zero-Shot" Super-Resolution using Deep Internal Learningcited by 285
  7. 2018Fast, Accurate, and Lightweight Super-Resolution with Cascading Residual Networkcited by 263
  8. 2020Deep Unfolding Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 253
  9. 2016Deep Learning without Poor Local Minimacited by 233
  10. 2017Learning a Single Convolutional Super-Resolution Network for Multiple Degradationscited by 227
  11. 2018Deep Back-Projection Networks For Super-Resolutioncited by 224
  12. 2020SRFlow: Learning the Super-Resolution Space with Normalizing Flowcited by 209
  13. 2019Blind Super-Resolution With Iterative Kernel Correctioncited by 203
  14. 2018Residual Dense Network for Image Restorationcited by 181
  15. 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
  16. 2019Feedback Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 155
  17. 2020Unfolding the Alternating Optimization for Blind Super Resolutioncited by 129
  18. 2020Meta-Transfer Learning for Zero-Shot Super-Resolutioncited by 116
  19. 2019Frequency Separation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 115
  20. 2021Flow-based Kernel Prior with Application to Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 74
  21. 2020Unified Dynamic Convolutional Network for Super-Resolution with Variational Degradationscited by 61
  22. 2020KOALAnet: Blind Super-Resolution using Kernel-Oriented Adaptive Local Adjustmentcited by 37
  23. 2021DWDN: Deep Wiener Deconvolution Network for Non-Blind Image Deblurringcited by 36
  24. 2019Correction Filter for Single Image Super-Resolution: Robustifying Off-the-Shelf Deep Super-Resolverscited by 35
  25. 2019Towards Robust, Locally Linear Deep Networkscited by 20
  26. 2021End-to-end Alternating Optimization for Blind Super Resolutioncited by 17
  27. 2021Spectrum-to-Kernel Translation for Accurate Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 14; 2024: 13; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

47 papers.

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  1. 2023Image Restoration with Mean-Reverting Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 182
  2. 2023Refusion: Enabling Large-Size Realistic Image Restoration with Latent-Space Diffusion Modelscited by 86
  3. 2023Fast Diffusion EM: a diffusion model for blind inverse problems with application to deconvolutioncited by 36
  4. 2022BSRT: Improving Burst Super-Resolution with Swin Transformer and Flow-Guided Deformable Alignmentcited by 32
  5. 2022Knowledge Distillation based Degradation Estimation for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 28
  6. 2022HST: Hierarchical Swin Transformer for Compressed Image Super-resolutioncited by 20
  7. 2023DIPNet: Efficiency Distillation and Iterative Pruning for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
  8. 2023Efficient Test-Time Adaptation for Super-Resolution with Second-Order Degradation and Reconstructioncited by 18
  9. 2024A Dynamic Kernel Prior Model for Unsupervised Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 15
  10. 2023Degradation-Aware Self-Attention Based Transformer for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 14
  11. 2022Towards Lightweight Super-Resolution with Dual Regression Learningcited by 13
  12. 2024CFAT: Unleashing TriangularWindows for Image Super-resolutioncited by 11
35 more
  1. 2022Joint Learning Content and Degradation Aware Feature for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 8
  2. 2023End-to-end Alternating Optimization for Real-World Blind Super Resolutioncited by 8
  3. 2024CDFormer:When Degradation Prediction Embraces Diffusion Model for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 8
  4. 2023Better "CMOS" Produces Clearer Images: Learning Space-Variant Blur Estimation for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 7
  5. 2023Dual-Diffusion: Dual Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Blind Super-Resolution Reconstruction in RSIscited by 7
  6. 2023VCISR: Blind Single Image Super-Resolution with Video Compression Synthetic Datacited by 7
  7. 2022Fast Nearest Convolution for Real-Time Efficient Image Super-Resolutioncited by 6
  8. 2026Training-Free Model Ensemble for Single-Image Super-Resolution via Strong-Branch Compensationcited by 6
  9. 2024BlindDiff: Empowering Degradation Modelling in Diffusion Models for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 5
  10. 2025Unsupervised Imaging Inverse Problems with Diffusion Distribution Matchingcited by 5
  11. 2025Blind Video Super-Resolution based on Implicit Kernelscited by 4
  12. 2022Sliding Window Recurrent Network for Efficient Video Super-Resolutioncited by 3
  13. 2024Equipping Diffusion Models with Differentiable Spatial Entropy for Low-Light Image Enhancementcited by 3
  14. 2024Efficient Image Super-Resolution via Symmetric Visual Attention Networkcited by 2
  15. 2024Suppressing Uncertainties in Degradation Estimation for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 2
  16. 2025MF-LPR2: Multi-Frame License Plate Image Restoration and Recognition using Optical Flowcited by 2
  17. 2023EgoVSR: Towards High-Quality Egocentric Video Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  18. 2023SAM-IQA: Can Segment Anything Boost Image Quality Assessment?cited by 1
  19. 2023NLCUnet: Single-Image Super-Resolution Network with Hairline Detailscited by 1
  20. 2024Adaptive Convolutional Neural Network for Image Super-resolutioncited by 1
  21. 2024Adaptive Multi-modal Fusion of Spatially Variant Kernel Refinement with Diffusion Model for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  22. 2024Preserving Full Degradation Details for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  23. 2025A Tree-guided CNN for image super-resolutioncited by 1
  24. 2025Adaptive Blind Super-Resolution Network for Spatial-Specific and Spatial-Agnostic Degradationscited by 1
  25. 2025Deep Learning Empowered Super-Resolution: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospectscited by 1
  26. 2026DACESR: Degradation-Aware Conditional Embedding for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  27. 2022The Best of Both Worlds: a Framework for Combining Degradation Prediction with High Performance Super-Resolution Networkscited by 0
  28. 2023Unpaired MRI Super Resolution with Contrastive Learningcited by 0
  29. 2024Learning Correction Errors via Frequency-Self Attention for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 0
  30. 2024Image Super-Resolution with Taylor Expansion Approximation and Large Field Receptioncited by 0
  31. 2024Content-decoupled Contrastive Learning-based Implicit Degradation Modeling for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 0
  32. 2025KernelFusion: Assumption-Free Blind Super-Resolution via Patch Diffusioncited by 0
  33. 2025LightBSR: Towards Lightweight Blind Super-Resolution via Discriminative Implicit Degradation Representation Learningcited by 0
  34. 2025Two Heads Better than One: Dual Degradation Representation for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 0
  35. 2026Seeing Through the PRISM: Compound & Controllable Restoration of Scientific Imagescited by 0