Cross-Language Binary-Source Code Matching with Intermediate Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Binary-source code matching plays an important role in many security and software engineering related tasks such as malware detection, reverse engineering and vulnerability assessment. Currently, several approaches have been proposed for binary-source code matching by jointly learning the embeddings of binary code and source code in a common vector space. Despite much effort, existing approaches target on matching the binary code and source code written in a single programming language. However, in practice, software applications are often written in different programming languages to cater for different requirements and computing platforms. Matching binary and source code across programming languages introduces additional challenges when maintaining multi-language and multi-platform applications. To this end, this paper formulates the problem of cross-language binary-source code matching, and develops a new dataset for this new problem. We present a novel approach XLIR, which is a Transformer-based neural network by learning the intermediate representations for both binary and source code. To validate the effectiveness of XLIR, comprehensive experiments are conducted on two tasks of cross-language binary-source code matching, and cross-language source-source code matching, on top of our curated dataset. Experimental results and analysis show that our proposed XLIR with intermediate representations significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art models in both of the two tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jan 2022.
Builds on
26 of 53 references.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimizationcited by 39
- 2023SLaDe: A Portable Small Language Model Decompiler for Optimized Assemblycited by 28
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkitcited by 22
- 2023Trustworthy and Synergistic Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering: Vision and Roadmapscited by 19
- 2025CODESYNC: Synchronizing Large Language Models with Dynamic Code Evolution at Scalecited by 8
- 2023Automating the Correctness Assessment of AI-generated Code for Security Contextscited by 6
- 2023FASER: Binary Code Similarity Search through the use of Intermediate Representationscited by 4
- 2024A Survey of Source Code Representations for Machine Learning-Based Cybersecurity Taskscited by 4
- 2022NeuDep: Neural Binary Memory Dependence Analysiscited by 3
- 2024A Picture is Worth 500 Labels: A Case Study of Demographic Disparities in Local Machine Learning Models for Instagram and TikTokcited by 2
- 2026InstMeter: An Instruction-Level Method to Predict Energy and Latency of DL Model Inference on MCUscited by 2
- 2025Can Large Language Models Understand Intermediate Representations in Compilers?cited by 1
1 more
- 2026InstMeter: An Instruction-Level Method to Predict Energy and Latency of DL Model Inference on MCUs4 Mar 2026
- 2025Beyond Embeddings: Interpretable Feature Extraction for Binary Code Similarity27 Sep 2025
- 2025CODESYNC: Synchronizing Large Language Models with Dynamic Code Evolution at Scale23 Feb 2025
- 2025Can Large Language Models Understand Intermediate Representations in Compilers?7 Feb 2025
- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimization27 Jun 2024
- 2024A Picture is Worth 500 Labels: A Case Study of Demographic Disparities in Local Machine Learning Models for Instagram and TikTok27 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey of Source Code Representations for Machine Learning-Based Cybersecurity Tasks15 Mar 2024
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkit30 Dec 2023
- 2023Automating the Correctness Assessment of AI-generated Code for Security Contexts28 Oct 2023
- 2023FASER: Binary Code Similarity Search through the use of Intermediate Representations5 Oct 2023
- 2023Trustworthy and Synergistic Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering: Vision and Roadmaps8 Sep 2023
- 2023SLaDe: A Portable Small Language Model Decompiler for Optimized Assembly21 May 2023
1 more
- 2022NeuDep: Neural Binary Memory Dependence Analysis4 Oct 2022
- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimizationcited by 39
- 2023SLaDe: A Portable Small Language Model Decompiler for Optimized Assemblycited by 28
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkitcited by 22
- 2023Trustworthy and Synergistic Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering: Vision and Roadmapscited by 19
- 2023Automating the Correctness Assessment of AI-generated Code for Security Contextscited by 6
- 2023FASER: Binary Code Similarity Search through the use of Intermediate Representationscited by 4
- 2024A Survey of Source Code Representations for Machine Learning-Based Cybersecurity Taskscited by 4
- 2022NeuDep: Neural Binary Memory Dependence Analysiscited by 3
- 2024A Picture is Worth 500 Labels: A Case Study of Demographic Disparities in Local Machine Learning Models for Instagram and TikTokcited by 2
- 2026InstMeter: An Instruction-Level Method to Predict Energy and Latency of DL Model Inference on MCUscited by 2
- 2025Can Large Language Models Understand Intermediate Representations in Compilers?cited by 1
- 2025Beyond Embeddings: Interpretable Feature Extraction for Binary Code Similaritycited by 0
- 2026InstMeter: An Instruction-Level Method to Predict Energy and Latency of DL Model Inference on MCUs4 Mar 2026
- 2025Beyond Embeddings: Interpretable Feature Extraction for Binary Code Similarity27 Sep 2025
- 2025Can Large Language Models Understand Intermediate Representations in Compilers?7 Feb 2025
- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimization27 Jun 2024
- 2024A Picture is Worth 500 Labels: A Case Study of Demographic Disparities in Local Machine Learning Models for Instagram and TikTok27 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey of Source Code Representations for Machine Learning-Based Cybersecurity Tasks15 Mar 2024
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkit30 Dec 2023
- 2023Automating the Correctness Assessment of AI-generated Code for Security Contexts28 Oct 2023
- 2023FASER: Binary Code Similarity Search through the use of Intermediate Representations5 Oct 2023
- 2023Trustworthy and Synergistic Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering: Vision and Roadmaps8 Sep 2023
- 2023SLaDe: A Portable Small Language Model Decompiler for Optimized Assembly21 May 2023
- 2022NeuDep: Neural Binary Memory Dependence Analysis4 Oct 2022