Deep API Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Developers often wonder how to implement a certain functionality (e.g., how to parse XML files) using APIs. Obtaining an API usage sequence based on an API-related natural language query is very helpful in this regard. Given a query, existing approaches utilize information retrieval models to search for matching API sequences. These approaches treat queries and APIs as bag-of-words (i.e., keyword matching or word-to-word alignment) and lack a deep understanding of the semantics of the query. We propose DeepAPI, a deep learning based approach to generate API usage sequences for a given natural language query. Instead of a bags-of-words assumption, it learns the sequence of words in a query and the sequence of associated APIs. DeepAPI adapts a neural language model named RNN Encoder-Decoder. It encodes a word sequence (user query) into a fixed-length context vector, and generates an API sequence based on the context vector. We also augment the RNN Encoder-Decoder by considering the importance of individual APIs. We empirically evaluate our approach with more than 7 million annotated code snippets collected from GitHub. The results show that our approach generates largely accurate API sequences and outperforms the related approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 May 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 9; 2023: 9; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
41 papers.
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- 2023Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 389
- 2021Retrieval Augmented Code Generation and Summarizationcited by 148
- 2022ReACC: A Retrieval-Augmented Code Completion Frameworkcited by 117
- 2022When Language Model Meets Private Librarycited by 54
- 2021CodeTrans: Towards Cracking the Language of Silicon's Code Through Self-Supervised Deep Learning and High Performance Computingcited by 28
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkitcited by 22
- 2021Understanding Neural Code Intelligence Through Program Simplificationcited by 20
- 2021On the Evaluation of Commit Message Generation Models: An Experimental Studycited by 20
- 2021Memorization and Generalization in Neural Code Intelligence Modelscited by 17
- 2021GraphSearchNet: Enhancing GNNs via Capturing Global Dependencies for Semantic Code Searchcited by 15
- 2022Cross-Language Binary-Source Code Matching with Intermediate Representationscited by 13
- 2022Code Search based on Context-aware Code Translationcited by 11
29 more
- 2024Compositional API Recommendation for Library-Oriented Code Generationcited by 10
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Pretrained Models for API Learningcited by 9
- 2025CODESYNC: Synchronizing Large Language Models with Dynamic Code Evolution at Scalecited by 8
- 2023Improving Code Example Recommendations on Informal Documentation Using BERT and Query-Aware LSH: A Comparative Studycited by 7
- 2023Revisiting and Improving Retrieval-Augmented Deep Assertion Generationcited by 5
- 2025Impact-driven Context Filtering For Cross-file Code Completioncited by 5
- 2021Toward Less Hidden Cost of Code Completion with Acceptance and Ranking Modelscited by 4
- 2021Natural Language-Guided Programmingcited by 4
- 2021deGraphCS: Embedding Variable-based Flow Graph for Neural Code Searchcited by 3
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of General-Purpose Embeddings for Code Changescited by 3
- 2022Test2Vec: An Execution Trace Embedding for Test Case Prioritizationcited by 3
- 2023PERFOGRAPH: A Numerical Aware Program Graph Representation for Performance Optimization and Program Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Pop Quiz! Do Pre-trained Code Models Possess Knowledge of Correct API Names?cited by 3
- 2024Structured Code Representations Enable Data-Efficient Adaptation of Code Language Modelscited by 3
- 2024COMET: Generating Commit Messages using Delta Graph Context Representationcited by 3
- 2021BERT2Code: Can Pretrained Language Models be Leveraged for Code Search?cited by 2
- 2022Towards Top-Down Automated Development in Limited Scopes: A Neuro-Symbolic Framework from Expressibles to Executablescited by 2
- 2022GitHub Considered Harmful? Analyzing Open-Source Projects for the Automatic Generation of Cryptographic API Call Sequencescited by 2
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of State-of-The-Art Methods for Java Code Generation from Natural Language Textcited by 2
- 2023ARIST: An Effective API Argument Recommendation Approachcited by 2
- 2026SkillForge: Self-Distilling Agents for Project-Specific Issue Resolutioncited by 2
- 2021Plot2API: Recommending Graphic API from Plot via Semantic Parsing Guided Neural Networkcited by 1
- 2021FACOS: Finding API Relevant Contents on Stack Overflow with Semantic and Syntactic Analysiscited by 1
- 2021Embedding Code Contexts for Cryptographic API Suggestion:New Methodologies and Comparisonscited by 0
- 2021Revelio: ML-Generated Debugging Queries for Distributed Systemscited by 0
- 2022Code Sophistication: From Code Recommendation to Logic Recommendationcited by 0
- 2023A Machine Learning Approach Towards SKILL Code Autocompletioncited by 0
- 2024Multi-modal Learning for WebAssembly Reverse Engineeringcited by 0
- 2026From Pen to Pixel: Translating Hand-Drawn Plots into Graphical APIs via a Novel Benchmark and Efficient Adaptercited by 0
- 2026SkillForge: Self-Distilling Agents for Project-Specific Issue Resolution19 Aug 2026
- 2026From Pen to Pixel: Translating Hand-Drawn Plots into Graphical APIs via a Novel Benchmark and Efficient Adapter27 Mar 2026
- 2025Impact-driven Context Filtering For Cross-file Code Completion8 Aug 2025
- 2025CODESYNC: Synchronizing Large Language Models with Dynamic Code Evolution at Scale23 Feb 2025
- 2024Multi-modal Learning for WebAssembly Reverse Engineering4 Apr 2024
- 2024Compositional API Recommendation for Library-Oriented Code Generation29 Feb 2024
- 2024COMET: Generating Commit Messages using Delta Graph Context Representation2 Feb 2024
- 2024Structured Code Representations Enable Data-Efficient Adaptation of Code Language Models19 Jan 2024
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkit30 Dec 2023
- 2023A Machine Learning Approach Towards SKILL Code Autocompletion4 Dec 2023
- 2023Revisiting and Improving Retrieval-Augmented Deep Assertion Generation19 Sep 2023
- 2023Pop Quiz! Do Pre-trained Code Models Possess Knowledge of Correct API Names?14 Sep 2023
29 more
- 2023Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review21 Aug 2023
- 2023ARIST: An Effective API Argument Recommendation Approach11 Jun 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of State-of-The-Art Methods for Java Code Generation from Natural Language Text10 Jun 2023
- 2023PERFOGRAPH: A Numerical Aware Program Graph Representation for Performance Optimization and Program Analysis31 May 2023
- 2023Improving Code Example Recommendations on Informal Documentation Using BERT and Query-Aware LSH: A Comparative Study4 May 2023
- 2022GitHub Considered Harmful? Analyzing Open-Source Projects for the Automatic Generation of Cryptographic API Call Sequences24 Nov 2022
- 2022When Language Model Meets Private Library31 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards Top-Down Automated Development in Limited Scopes: A Neuro-Symbolic Framework from Expressibles to Executables4 Sep 2022
- 2022Test2Vec: An Execution Trace Embedding for Test Case Prioritization28 Jun 2022
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Pretrained Models for API Learning5 Apr 2022
- 2022ReACC: A Retrieval-Augmented Code Completion Framework15 Mar 2022
- 2022Code Search based on Context-aware Code Translation16 Feb 2022
- 2022Code Sophistication: From Code Recommendation to Logic Recommendation19 Jan 2022
- 2022Cross-Language Binary-Source Code Matching with Intermediate Representations19 Jan 2022
- 2021FACOS: Finding API Relevant Contents on Stack Overflow with Semantic and Syntactic Analysis14 Nov 2021
- 2021GraphSearchNet: Enhancing GNNs via Capturing Global Dependencies for Semantic Code Search4 Nov 2021
- 2021Retrieval Augmented Code Generation and Summarization26 Aug 2021
- 2021Natural Language-Guided Programming11 Aug 2021
- 2021On the Evaluation of Commit Message Generation Models: An Experimental Study12 Jul 2021
- 2021Revelio: ML-Generated Debugging Queries for Distributed Systems28 Jun 2021
- 2021Toward Less Hidden Cost of Code Completion with Acceptance and Ranking Models26 Jun 2021
- 2021Memorization and Generalization in Neural Code Intelligence Models16 Jun 2021
- 2021Understanding Neural Code Intelligence Through Program Simplification7 Jun 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of General-Purpose Embeddings for Code Changes3 Jun 2021
- 2021BERT2Code: Can Pretrained Language Models be Leveraged for Code Search?16 Apr 2021
- 2021CodeTrans: Towards Cracking the Language of Silicon's Code Through Self-Supervised Deep Learning and High Performance Computing6 Apr 2021
- 2021Plot2API: Recommending Graphic API from Plot via Semantic Parsing Guided Neural Network2 Apr 2021
- 2021deGraphCS: Embedding Variable-based Flow Graph for Neural Code Search24 Mar 2021
- 2021Embedding Code Contexts for Cryptographic API Suggestion:New Methodologies and Comparisons15 Mar 2021
- 2021Retrieval Augmented Code Generation and Summarizationcited by 148
- 2022ReACC: A Retrieval-Augmented Code Completion Frameworkcited by 117
- 2023Revisiting and Improving Retrieval-Augmented Deep Assertion Generationcited by 5
- 2025Impact-driven Context Filtering For Cross-file Code Completioncited by 5
- 2023Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 389
- 2022When Language Model Meets Private Librarycited by 54
- 2021CodeTrans: Towards Cracking the Language of Silicon's Code Through Self-Supervised Deep Learning and High Performance Computingcited by 28
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkitcited by 22
- 2021Understanding Neural Code Intelligence Through Program Simplificationcited by 20
- 2021On the Evaluation of Commit Message Generation Models: An Experimental Studycited by 20
- 2021Memorization and Generalization in Neural Code Intelligence Modelscited by 17
- 2021GraphSearchNet: Enhancing GNNs via Capturing Global Dependencies for Semantic Code Searchcited by 15
- 2022Cross-Language Binary-Source Code Matching with Intermediate Representationscited by 13
- 2022Code Search based on Context-aware Code Translationcited by 11
- 2024Compositional API Recommendation for Library-Oriented Code Generationcited by 10
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Pretrained Models for API Learningcited by 9
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026From Pen to Pixel: Translating Hand-Drawn Plots into Graphical APIs via a Novel Benchmark and Efficient Adapter27 Mar 2026
- 2024Multi-modal Learning for WebAssembly Reverse Engineering4 Apr 2024
- 2024Compositional API Recommendation for Library-Oriented Code Generation29 Feb 2024
- 2024COMET: Generating Commit Messages using Delta Graph Context Representation2 Feb 2024
- 2024Structured Code Representations Enable Data-Efficient Adaptation of Code Language Models19 Jan 2024
- 2023Deep Learning for Code Intelligence: Survey, Benchmark and Toolkit30 Dec 2023
- 2023A Machine Learning Approach Towards SKILL Code Autocompletion4 Dec 2023
- 2023Pop Quiz! Do Pre-trained Code Models Possess Knowledge of Correct API Names?14 Sep 2023
- 2023Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review21 Aug 2023
- 2023ARIST: An Effective API Argument Recommendation Approach11 Jun 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of State-of-The-Art Methods for Java Code Generation from Natural Language Text10 Jun 2023
- 2023PERFOGRAPH: A Numerical Aware Program Graph Representation for Performance Optimization and Program Analysis31 May 2023
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)