mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Simple, Interpretable and Stable Method for Detecting Words with Usage Change across Corpora

arXiv 2112.14330 ↗First posted 28 Dec 2021cs.CLcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

The problem of comparing two bodies of text and searching for words that differ in their usage between them arises often in digital humanities and computational social science. This is commonly approached by training word embeddings on each corpus, aligning the vector spaces, and looking for words whose cosine distance in the aligned space is large. However, these methods often require extensive filtering of the vocabulary to perform well, and - as we show in this work - result in unstable, and hence less reliable, results. We propose an alternative approach that does not use vector space alignment, and instead considers the neighbors of each word. The method is simple, interpretable and stable. We demonstrate its effectiveness in 9 different setups, considering different corpus splitting criteria (age, gender and profession of tweet authors, time of tweet) and different languages (English, French and Hebrew).

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Dec 2021.

Builds on

24 of 46 references.

References · 24

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,375
  3. 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,474
  4. 2017Word Translation Without Parallel Datacited by 487
  5. 2017Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Onlycited by 273
  6. 2016Diachronic Word Embeddings Reveal Statistical Laws of Semantic Changecited by 221
  7. 2017Unsupervised Neural Machine Translationcited by 149
  8. 2018A robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddingscited by 146
  9. 2018Diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts: a surveycited by 92
  10. 2014Statistically Significant Detection of Linguistic Changecited by 82
  11. 2016Cultural Shift or Linguistic Drift? Comparing Two Computational Measures of Semantic Changecited by 63
  12. 2018Survey of Computational Approaches to Lexical Semantic Changecited by 62
12 more
  1. 2014Temporal Analysis of Language through Neural Language Modelscited by 54
  2. 2017Dynamic Word Embeddingscited by 51
  3. 2017Dynamic Word Embeddings for Evolving Semantic Discoverycited by 38
  4. 2019Leveraging Contextual Embeddings for Detecting Diachronic Semantic Shiftcited by 37
  5. 2018Diachronic Usage Relatedness (DURel): A Framework for the Annotation of Lexical Semantic Changecited by 35
  6. 2018Factors Influencing the Surprising Instability of Word Embeddingscited by 33
  7. 2019A Wind of Change: Detecting and Evaluating Lexical Semantic Change across Times and Domainscited by 31
  8. 2018Short-Term Meaning Shift: A Distributional Explorationcited by 23
  9. 2014That's sick dude!: Automatic identification of word sense change across different timescalescited by 11
  10. 2018Socioeconomic Dependencies of Linguistic Patterns in Twitter: A Multivariate Analysiscited by 9
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  12. 2019Generating Timelines by Modeling Semantic Changecited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.

21 papers.

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  1. 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 302
  2. 2023Time is Encoded in the Weights of Finetuned Language Modelscited by 33
  3. 2023A Survey on Contextualised Semantic Shift Detectioncited by 22
  4. 2022Temporal Attention for Language Modelscited by 21
  5. 2022Discovering Differences in the Representation of People using Contextualized Semantic Axescited by 12
  6. 2024Graph-based Clustering for Detecting Semantic Change Across Time and Languagescited by 10
  7. 2023Substitution-based Semantic Change Detection using Contextual Embeddingscited by 9
  8. 2022An Assessment of the Impact of OCR Noise on Language Modelscited by 5
  9. 2022A Greek Parliament Proceedings Dataset for Computational Linguistics and Political Analysiscited by 4
  10. 2023Measuring Intersectional Biases in Historical Documentscited by 4
  11. 2022Towards Debiasing Translation Artifactscited by 3
  12. 2022The Problem of Semantic Shift in Longitudinal Monitoring of Social Media: A Case Study on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 3
9 more
  1. 2023Variation and Instability in Dialect-Based Embedding Spacescited by 3
  2. 2024Presence or Absence: Are Unknown Word Usages in Dictionaries?cited by 3
  3. 2024Tracking Semantic Change in Slovene: A Novel Dataset and Optimal Transport-Based Distancecited by 1
  4. 2024A Systematic Survey of Natural Language Processing for the Greek Languagecited by 1
  5. 2026Improving Interpretability of Lexical Semantic Change with Neurobiological Featurescited by 1
  6. 2022Analysing the Greek Parliament Records with Emotion Classificationcited by 0
  7. 2022Domain-Specific Word Embeddings with Structure Predictioncited by 0
  8. 2023Contextualized Word Vector-based Methods for Discovering Semantic Differences with No Training nor Word Alignmentcited by 0
  9. 2026Measuring the Semantic Structure and Evolution of Conspiracy Theoriescited by 0