FLoBC: A Decentralized Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Framework
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Abstract (arXiv)
The rapid expansion of data worldwide invites the need for more distributed solutions in order to apply machine learning on a much wider scale. The resultant distributed learning systems can have various degrees of centralization. In this work, we demonstrate our solution FLoBC for building a generic decentralized federated learning system using blockchain technology, accommodating any machine learning model that is compatible with gradient descent optimization. We present our system design comprising the two decentralized actors: trainer and validator, alongside our methodology for ensuring reliable and efficient operation of said system. Finally, we utilize FLoBC as an experimental sandbox to compare and contrast the effects of trainer-to-validator ratio, reward-penalty policy, and model synchronization schemes on the overall system performance, ultimately showing by example that a decentralized federated learning system is indeed a feasible alternative to more centralized architectures.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Dec 2021.
Builds on
10 of 22 references.
References · 10
- 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,592
- 2019Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learningcited by 3,021
- 2016Learning to learn by gradient descent by gradient descentcited by 616
- 2020SplitFed: When Federated Learning Meets Split Learningcited by 308
- 2018Distributed learning of deep neural network over multiple agentscited by 277
- 2019A Survey on Distributed Machine Learningcited by 187
- 2018Blockchained On-Device Federated Learningcited by 105
- 2019Peer-to-peer Federated Learning on Graphscited by 85
- 2020A Blockchain-based Decentralized Federated Learning Framework with Committee Consensuscited by 83
- 2019Decentralized Federated Learning: A Segmented Gossip Approachcited by 63
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2022Decentralized Federated Learning: Fundamentals, State of the Art, Frameworks, Trends, and Challengescited by 137
- 2024Swarm Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Applications, and Trendscited by 2
- 2025A Robust Cross-Domain IDS using BiGRU-LSTM-Attention for Medical and Industrial IoT Securitycited by 2
- 2023VeryFL: A Verify Federated Learning Framework Embedded with Blockchaincited by 1
- 2026A Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Smart-Contract-Coordinated Federated Learning Marketplacescited by 0
- 2026A Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Smart-Contract-Coordinated Federated Learning Marketplaces23 Jul 2026
- 2025A Robust Cross-Domain IDS using BiGRU-LSTM-Attention for Medical and Industrial IoT Security17 Aug 2025
- 2024Swarm Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Applications, and Trends1 May 2024
- 2023VeryFL: A Verify Federated Learning Framework Embedded with Blockchain27 Nov 2023
- 2022Decentralized Federated Learning: Fundamentals, State of the Art, Frameworks, Trends, and Challenges15 Nov 2022