Supporting Undotted Arabic with Pre-trained Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
We observe a recent behaviour on social media, in which users intentionally remove consonantal dots from Arabic letters, in order to bypass content-classification algorithms. Content classification is typically done by fine-tuning pre-trained language models, which have been recently employed by many natural-language-processing applications. In this work we study the effect of applying pre-trained Arabic language models on "undotted" Arabic texts. We suggest several ways of supporting undotted texts with pre-trained models, without additional training, and measure their performance on two Arabic natural-language-processing downstream tasks. The results are encouraging; in one of the tasks our method shows nearly perfect performance.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Nov 2021.
Builds on
9 of 16 references.
References · 9
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2023A Survey on Arabic Named Entity Recognition: Past, Recent Advances, and Future Trendscited by 8
- 2024Training a Bilingual Language Model by Mapping Tokens onto a Shared Character Spacecited by 1
- 2023Dotless Representation of Arabic Text: Analysis and Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Character Iconicity vs. Arbitrariness: An Arabic NLP Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026Character Iconicity vs. Arbitrariness: An Arabic NLP Perspective3 Aug 2026
- 2024Training a Bilingual Language Model by Mapping Tokens onto a Shared Character Space25 Feb 2024
- 2023Dotless Representation of Arabic Text: Analysis and Modeling26 Dec 2023
- 2023A Survey on Arabic Named Entity Recognition: Past, Recent Advances, and Future Trends7 Feb 2023