Ensemble ALBERT on SQuAD 2.0
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine question answering is an essential yet challenging task in natural language processing. Recently, Pre-trained Contextual Embeddings (PCE) models like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and A Lite BERT (ALBERT) have attracted lots of attention due to their great performance in a wide range of NLP tasks. In our Paper, we utilized the fine-tuned ALBERT models and implemented combinations of additional layers (e.g. attention layer, RNN layer) on top of them to improve model performance on Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD 2.0). We implemented four different models with different layers on top of ALBERT-base model, and two other models based on ALBERT-xlarge and ALBERT-xxlarge. We compared their performance to our baseline model ALBERT-base-v2 + ALBERT-SQuAD-out with details. Our best-performing individual model is ALBERT-xxlarge + ALBERT-SQuAD-out, which achieved an F1 score of 88.435 on the dev set. Furthermore, we have implemented three different ensemble algorithms to boost overall performance. By passing in several best-performing models' results into our weighted voting ensemble algorithm, our final result ranks first on the Stanford CS224N Test PCE SQuAD Leaderboard with F1 = 90.123.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2021.
Builds on
9 of 16 references.
References · 9
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,148
- 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,057
- 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,790
- 2018SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processingcited by 1,989
- 2019Patient Knowledge Distillation for BERT Model Compressioncited by 508
- 2016Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Readingcited by 161
- 2019Well-Read Students Learn Better: On the Importance of Pre-training Compact Modelscited by 120
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2022Analyzing Bagging Methods for Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024SplaXBERT: Leveraging Mixed Precision Training and Context Splitting for Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2024Building a Rich Dataset to Empower the Persian Question Answering Systemscited by 0
- 2026Assessing Reliability of BERT-Based Models on Question Answering Taskscited by 0
- 2026Assessing Reliability of BERT-Based Models on Question Answering Tasks11 Aug 2026
- 2024Building a Rich Dataset to Empower the Persian Question Answering Systems28 Dec 2024
- 2024SplaXBERT: Leveraging Mixed Precision Training and Context Splitting for Question Answering7 Dec 2024
- 2022Analyzing Bagging Methods for Language Models19 Jul 2022