A Data Bootstrapping Recipe for Low Resource Multilingual Relation Classification
On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → LLM synthetic data generation
Abstract (arXiv)
Relation classification (sometimes called 'extraction') requires trustworthy datasets for fine-tuning large language models, as well as for evaluation. Data collection is challenging for Indian languages, because they are syntactically and morphologically diverse, as well as different from resource-rich languages like English. Despite recent interest in deep generative models for Indian languages, relation classification is still not well served by public data sets. In response, we present IndoRE, a dataset with 21K entity and relation tagged gold sentences in three Indian languages, plus English. We start with a multilingual BERT (mBERT) based system that captures entity span positions and type information and provides competitive monolingual relation classification. Using this system, we explore and compare transfer mechanisms between languages. In particular, we study the accuracy efficiency tradeoff between expensive gold instances vs. translated and aligned 'silver' instances. We release the dataset for future research.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in LLM synthetic data generation, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 10 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2021.
Builds on
10 of 18 references.
References · 10
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
- 2019How multilingual is Multilingual BERT?cited by 642
- 2019Matching the Blanks: Distributional Similarity for Relation Learningcited by 271
- 2018FewRel: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluationcited by 254
- 2019Span-based Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Transformer Pre-trainingcited by 132
- 2017Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations Based on a Novel Tagging Schemecited by 102
- 2020Two are Better than One: Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Table-Sequence Encoderscited by 87
- 2018Adversarial training for multi-context joint entity and relation extractioncited by 29
- 2018End-to-end neural relation extraction using deep biaffine attentioncited by 19
- 2020Cross-Lingual Relation Extraction with Transformerscited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 0; 2025: 2.
8 papers.
- 2022Data Bootstrapping Approaches to Improve Low Resource Abusive Language Detection for Indic Languagescited by 23
- 2023CreoleVal: Multilingual Multitask Benchmarks for Creolescited by 9
- 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Promptingcited by 7
- 2023MultiTACRED: A Multilingual Version of the TAC Relation Extraction Datasetcited by 5
- 2023Linguistic representations for fewer-shot relation extraction across domainscited by 4
- 2023Improving Cross-Lingual Transfer through Subtree-Aware Word Reorderingcited by 4
- 2025Multilingual Datasets for Custom Input Extraction and Explanation Requests Parsing in Conversational XAI Systemscited by 0
- 2025Combining Distantly Supervised Models with In Context Learning for Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Relation Extractioncited by 0
- 2025Combining Distantly Supervised Models with In Context Learning for Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Relation Extraction21 Oct 2025
- 2025Multilingual Datasets for Custom Input Extraction and Explanation Requests Parsing in Conversational XAI Systems20 Aug 2025
- 2023CreoleVal: Multilingual Multitask Benchmarks for Creoles30 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Cross-Lingual Transfer through Subtree-Aware Word Reordering20 Oct 2023
- 2023Linguistic representations for fewer-shot relation extraction across domains7 Jul 2023
- 2023MultiTACRED: A Multilingual Version of the TAC Relation Extraction Dataset8 May 2023
- 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Prompting25 Oct 2022
- 2022Data Bootstrapping Approaches to Improve Low Resource Abusive Language Detection for Indic Languages26 Apr 2022
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Revisiting Relation Extraction in the era of Large Language Models
- 2025Generating Diverse Training Samples for Relation Extraction with Large Language Models
- 2024Recall, Retrieve and Reason: Towards Better In-Context Relation Extraction
- 2025An LLM + ASP Workflow for Joint Entity-Relation Extraction
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation-based Relation Extraction
- 2024Relation Extraction with Fine-Tuned Large Language Models in Retrieval Augmented Generation Frameworks
- 2026Document-Level Zero-Shot Relation Extraction with Entity Side Information
- 2022RelationPrompt: Leveraging Prompts to Generate Synthetic Data for Zero-Shot Relation Triplet Extraction