mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

lambeq: An Efficient High-Level Python Library for Quantum NLP

arXiv 2110.04236 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2021cs.CL cs.AI quant-phcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present lambeq, the first high-level Python library for Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP). The open-source toolkit offers a detailed hierarchy of modules and classes implementing all stages of a pipeline for converting sentences to string diagrams, tensor networks, and quantum circuits ready to be used on a quantum computer. lambeq supports syntactic parsing, rewriting and simplification of string diagrams, ansatz creation and manipulation, as well as a number of compositional models for preparing quantum-friendly representations of sentences, employing various degrees of syntax sensitivity. We present the generic architecture and describe the most important modules in detail, demonstrating the usage with illustrative examples. Further, we test the toolkit in practice by using it to perform a number of experiments on simple NLP tasks, implementing both classical and quantum pipelines.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2021.

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15 of 41 references.

References · 15

  1. 2018Supervised learning with quantum enhanced feature spacescited by 665
  2. 2019Efficient Learning for Deep Quantum Neural Networkscited by 161
  3. 2021QNLP in Practice: Running Compositional Models of Meaning on a Quantum Computercited by 67
  4. 2020Quantum Natural Language Processing on Near-Term Quantum Computerscited by 39
  5. 2016Quantum Algorithms for Compositional Natural Language Processingcited by 24
  6. 2019The Mathematics of Text Structurecited by 24
  7. 2017A* CCG Parsing with a Supertag and Dependency Factored Modelcited by 22
  8. 2020Quantum Language Model with Entanglement Embedding for Question Answeringcited by 17
  9. 2021A CCG-Based Version of the DisCoCat Frameworkcited by 16
  10. 2017Tensor network language modelcited by 9
  11. 2014Reasoning about Meaning in Natural Language with Compact Closed Categories and Frobenius Algebrascited by 7
  12. 2017Language Design as Information Renormalizationcited by 6
3 more
  1. 2021Something Old, Something New: Grammar-based CCG Parsing with Transformer Modelscited by 6
  2. 2019A Quantum Search Decoder for Natural Language Processingcited by 5
  3. 2021Diagrammatic Differentiation for Quantum Machine Learningcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

44 papers.

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  1. 2023Tensor Networks Meet Neural Networks: A Survey and Future Perspectivescited by 32
  2. 2023Applying QNLP to sentiment analysis in financecited by 23
  3. 2023Quantum-Inspired Machine Learning: a Surveycited by 12
  4. 2024Towards Compositional Interpretability for XAIcited by 12
  5. 2021Compositionality as we see it, everywhere around uscited by 11
  6. 2021A Quantum Natural Language Processing Approach to Musical Intelligencecited by 11
  7. 2022Quantum Natural Language Generation on Near-Term Devicescited by 11
  8. 2023Distilling Text into Circuitscited by 7
  9. 2022Near-Term Advances in Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 6
  10. 2024Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 6
  11. 2023Toward Quantum Machine Translation of Syntactically Distinct Languagescited by 4
  12. 2025Quantum Natural Language Processing: A Comprehensive Review of Models, Methods, and Applicationscited by 4
32 more
  1. 2023Quantum Natural Language Processing based Sentiment Analysis using lambeq Toolkitcited by 3
  2. 2023A Pipeline For Discourse Circuits From CCGcited by 3
  3. 2024Quantum Algorithms for Compositional Text Processingcited by 3
  4. 2025Compositional Concept Generalization with Variational Quantum Circuitscited by 3
  5. 2025DisCoCLIP: A Distributional Compositional Tensor Network Encoder for Vision-Language Understandingcited by 3
  6. 2022A gentle introduction to Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 2
  7. 2022A Quantum Natural Language Processing Approach to Pronoun Resolutioncited by 2
  8. 2023Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 2
  9. 2023Enabling Quantum Natural Language Processing for Hindi Languagecited by 2
  10. 2022Differentiating and Integrating ZX Diagrams with Applications to Quantum Machine Learningcited by 1
  11. 2023Towards Transparency in Coreference Resolution: A Quantum-Inspired Approachcited by 1
  12. 2024Property-guided Inverse Design of Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 1
  13. 2024Multimodal Quantum Natural Language Processing: A Novel Framework for using Quantum Methods to Analyse Real Datacited by 1
  14. 2025A Rose by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet: Categorical Homotopy Theory for Large Language Modelscited by 1
  15. 2026Entanglement as Memory: Mechanistic Interpretability of Quantum Language Modelscited by 1
  16. 2026Quantum Models with Multi-Stage Training for Compositional Concept Generalizationcited by 1
  17. 2022Design and Implementation of a Quantum Kernel for Natural Language Processingcited by 0
  18. 2023Variational Quantum Classifiers for Natural-Language Textcited by 0
  19. 2023SQL2Circuits: Estimating Cardinalities, Execution Times, and Costs for SQL Queries with Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 0
  20. 2024Application of Quantum Tensor Networks for Protein Classificationcited by 0
  21. 2024Traitement quantique des langues : 'etat de l'artcited by 0
  22. 2024Quantum-inspired Interpretable Deep Learning Architecture for Text Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
  23. 2024Multimodal Structure-Aware Quantum Data Processingcited by 0
  24. 2025Quantum Methods for Managing Ambiguity in Natural Language Processingcited by 0
  25. 2025Efficient Generation of Parameterised Quantum Circuits from Large Textscited by 0
  26. 2025Quantum Concept Music Score from Quantum Picturalism: Musical Incarnation of a Bell-Pair under Measurementscited by 0
  27. 2025A Hybrid Classical-Quantum Fine Tuned BERT for Text Classificationcited by 0
  28. 2026Quantum Compositional NLP for Arabic: Grammar, Morphology, and Word Sense in Circuit Topologycited by 0
  29. 2026Hybrid Quantum-Classical NLP Classification with Compact Semantic Representations: An Experimental Analysis of Representation Compressioncited by 0
  30. 2026Scaling Hindi Quantum Natural Language Processing through Automatic Pregroup Supertaggingcited by 0
  31. 2026Variational Quantum Transformer Architecture for Synthetic Language Generationcited by 0
  32. 2026Trainable Quantum-Native Language Models: Dissipative Memory, Capacity Limits, and Hardware Validationcited by 0