Multimodal Integration of Human-Like Attention in Visual Question Answering
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Abstract (arXiv)
Human-like attention as a supervisory signal to guide neural attention has shown significant promise but is currently limited to uni-modal integration - even for inherently multimodal tasks such as visual question answering (VQA). We present the Multimodal Human-like Attention Network (MULAN) - the first method for multimodal integration of human-like attention on image and text during training of VQA models. MULAN integrates attention predictions from two state-of-the-art text and image saliency models into neural self-attention layers of a recent transformer-based VQA model. Through evaluations on the challenging VQAv2 dataset, we show that MULAN achieves a new state-of-the-art performance of 73.98% accuracy on test-std and 73.72% on test-dev and, at the same time, has approximately 80% fewer trainable parameters than prior work. Overall, our work underlines the potential of integrating multimodal human-like and neural attention for VQA
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2021.
Builds on
38 of 56 references.
References · 38
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Eyettention: An Attention-based Dual-Sequence Model for Predicting Human Scanpaths during Readingcited by 18
- 2025Where do Large Vision-Language Models Look at when Answering Questions?cited by 15
- 2024Trends, Applications, and Challenges in Human Attention Modellingcited by 9
- 2025GazeLLM: Multimodal LLMs incorporating Human Visual Attentioncited by 9
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understandingcited by 8
- 2022Detection of ADHD based on Eye Movements during Natural Viewingcited by 5
- 2024MoPE: Mixture of Prompt Experts for Parameter-Efficient and Scalable Multimodal Fusioncited by 5
- 2024Learning User Embeddings from Human Gaze for Personalised Saliency Predictioncited by 4
- 2025Integrating Cognitive Processing Signals into Language Models: A Review of Advances, Applications and Future Directionscited by 2
- 2025Bridging Ears and Eyes: Analyzing Audio and Visual Large Language Models to Humans in Visible Sound Recognition and Reducing Their Sensory Gap via Cross-Modal Distillationcited by 2
- 2025Light as Deception: GPT-driven Natural Relighting Against Vision-Language Pre-training Modelscited by 1
8 more
- 2025SCRA-VQA: Summarized Caption-Rerank for Augmented Large Language Models in Visual Question Answeringcited by 1
- 2022That's the Wrong Lung! Evaluating and Improving the Interpretability of Unsupervised Multimodal Encoders for Medical Datacited by 0
- 2023Deep Metric Loss for Multimodal Learningcited by 0
- 2025Causal Debiasing for Visual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Eye-Tracking-while-Reading: A Living Survey of Datasets with Open Library Supportcited by 0
- 2026AI-Assisted Competency Assessment from Egocentric Video in Simulation-Based Nursing Educationcited by 0
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Readingcited by 0
- 2026EgoGazeLite: On-Device Egocentric Gaze Prediction for Token-Efficient Multimodal LLM Video Inputcited by 0
- 2026EgoGazeLite: On-Device Egocentric Gaze Prediction for Token-Efficient Multimodal LLM Video Input16 Aug 2026
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Reading1 Jun 2026
- 2026AI-Assisted Competency Assessment from Egocentric Video in Simulation-Based Nursing Education16 May 2026
- 2026Eye-Tracking-while-Reading: A Living Survey of Datasets with Open Library Support23 Feb 2026
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understanding9 Nov 2025
- 2025Causal Debiasing for Visual Commonsense Reasoning23 Oct 2025
- 2025SCRA-VQA: Summarized Caption-Rerank for Augmented Large Language Models in Visual Question Answering25 Sep 2025
- 2025Light as Deception: GPT-driven Natural Relighting Against Vision-Language Pre-training Models30 May 2025
- 2025Bridging Ears and Eyes: Analyzing Audio and Visual Large Language Models to Humans in Visible Sound Recognition and Reducing Their Sensory Gap via Cross-Modal Distillation11 May 2025
- 2025Integrating Cognitive Processing Signals into Language Models: A Review of Advances, Applications and Future Directions9 Apr 2025
- 2025GazeLLM: Multimodal LLMs incorporating Human Visual Attention31 Mar 2025
- 2025Where do Large Vision-Language Models Look at when Answering Questions?18 Mar 2025
8 more
- 2024Learning User Embeddings from Human Gaze for Personalised Saliency Prediction20 Mar 2024
- 2024MoPE: Mixture of Prompt Experts for Parameter-Efficient and Scalable Multimodal Fusion14 Mar 2024
- 2024Trends, Applications, and Challenges in Human Attention Modelling28 Feb 2024
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understanding23 Oct 2023
- 2023Deep Metric Loss for Multimodal Learning21 Aug 2023
- 2023Eyettention: An Attention-based Dual-Sequence Model for Predicting Human Scanpaths during Reading21 Apr 2023
- 2022That's the Wrong Lung! Evaluating and Improving the Interpretability of Unsupervised Multimodal Encoders for Medical Data12 Oct 2022
- 2022Detection of ADHD based on Eye Movements during Natural Viewing4 Jul 2022
- 2025Where do Large Vision-Language Models Look at when Answering Questions?cited by 15
- 2025GazeLLM: Multimodal LLMs incorporating Human Visual Attentioncited by 9
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
- 2025Light as Deception: GPT-driven Natural Relighting Against Vision-Language Pre-training Modelscited by 1
- 2026EgoGazeLite: On-Device Egocentric Gaze Prediction for Token-Efficient Multimodal LLM Video Inputcited by 0
- 2026EgoGazeLite: On-Device Egocentric Gaze Prediction for Token-Efficient Multimodal LLM Video Input16 Aug 2026
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understanding9 Nov 2025
- 2025Light as Deception: GPT-driven Natural Relighting Against Vision-Language Pre-training Models30 May 2025
- 2025GazeLLM: Multimodal LLMs incorporating Human Visual Attention31 Mar 2025
- 2025Where do Large Vision-Language Models Look at when Answering Questions?18 Mar 2025
- 2025Causal Debiasing for Visual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 0
- 2025Causal Debiasing for Visual Commonsense Reasoning23 Oct 2025
- 2023Eyettention: An Attention-based Dual-Sequence Model for Predicting Human Scanpaths during Readingcited by 18
- 2024Trends, Applications, and Challenges in Human Attention Modellingcited by 9
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understandingcited by 8
- 2022Detection of ADHD based on Eye Movements during Natural Viewingcited by 5
- 2024MoPE: Mixture of Prompt Experts for Parameter-Efficient and Scalable Multimodal Fusioncited by 5
- 2024Learning User Embeddings from Human Gaze for Personalised Saliency Predictioncited by 4
- 2025Integrating Cognitive Processing Signals into Language Models: A Review of Advances, Applications and Future Directionscited by 2
- 2025Bridging Ears and Eyes: Analyzing Audio and Visual Large Language Models to Humans in Visible Sound Recognition and Reducing Their Sensory Gap via Cross-Modal Distillationcited by 2
- 2025SCRA-VQA: Summarized Caption-Rerank for Augmented Large Language Models in Visual Question Answeringcited by 1
- 2022That's the Wrong Lung! Evaluating and Improving the Interpretability of Unsupervised Multimodal Encoders for Medical Datacited by 0
- 2023Deep Metric Loss for Multimodal Learningcited by 0
- 2026Eye-Tracking-while-Reading: A Living Survey of Datasets with Open Library Supportcited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Reading1 Jun 2026
- 2026AI-Assisted Competency Assessment from Egocentric Video in Simulation-Based Nursing Education16 May 2026
- 2026Eye-Tracking-while-Reading: A Living Survey of Datasets with Open Library Support23 Feb 2026
- 2025SCRA-VQA: Summarized Caption-Rerank for Augmented Large Language Models in Visual Question Answering25 Sep 2025
- 2025Bridging Ears and Eyes: Analyzing Audio and Visual Large Language Models to Humans in Visible Sound Recognition and Reducing Their Sensory Gap via Cross-Modal Distillation11 May 2025
- 2025Integrating Cognitive Processing Signals into Language Models: A Review of Advances, Applications and Future Directions9 Apr 2025
- 2024Learning User Embeddings from Human Gaze for Personalised Saliency Prediction20 Mar 2024
- 2024MoPE: Mixture of Prompt Experts for Parameter-Efficient and Scalable Multimodal Fusion14 Mar 2024
- 2024Trends, Applications, and Challenges in Human Attention Modelling28 Feb 2024
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understanding23 Oct 2023
- 2023Deep Metric Loss for Multimodal Learning21 Aug 2023
- 2023Eyettention: An Attention-based Dual-Sequence Model for Predicting Human Scanpaths during Reading21 Apr 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)