A Survey of Online Hate Speech through the Causal Lens
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Abstract (arXiv)
The societal issue of digital hostility has previously attracted a lot of attention. The topic counts an ample body of literature, yet remains prominent and challenging as ever due to its subjective nature. We posit that a better understanding of this problem will require the use of causal inference frameworks. This survey summarises the relevant research that revolves around estimations of causal effects related to online hate speech. Initially, we provide an argumentation as to why re-establishing the exploration of hate speech in causal terms is of the essence. Following that, we give an overview of the leading studies classified with respect to the direction of their outcomes, as well as an outline of all related research, and a summary of open research problems that can influence future work on the topic.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2021.
Builds on
11 of 49 references.
References · 11
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 207
- 2018Conversations Gone Awry: Detecting Early Signs of Conversational Failurecited by 73
- 2020Text and Causal Inference: A Review of Using Text to Remove Confounding from Causal Estimatescited by 59
- 2019Tackling Online Abuse: A Survey of Automated Abuse Detection Methodscited by 33
- 2020Causal BERT : Language models for causality detection between events expressed in textcited by 22
- 2018The Effect of Extremist Violence on Hateful Speech Onlinecited by 17
- 2020Quarantined! Examining the Effects of a Community-Wide Moderation Intervention on Redditcited by 16
- 2017A Web of Hate: Tackling Hateful Speech in Online Social Spacescited by 15
- 2020Does Terrorism Trigger Online Hate Speech? On the Association of Events and Time Seriescited by 4
- 2021Behavior Change in Response to Subreddit Bans and External Eventscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 1.
2 papers.