Universal Simultaneous Machine Translation with Mixture-of-Experts Wait-k Policy
On the map: Mixture-of-experts → MoE large language models
Abstract (arXiv)
Simultaneous machine translation (SiMT) generates translation before reading the entire source sentence and hence it has to trade off between translation quality and latency. To fulfill the requirements of different translation quality and latency in practical applications, the previous methods usually need to train multiple SiMT models for different latency levels, resulting in large computational costs. In this paper, we propose a universal SiMT model with Mixture-of-Experts Wait-k Policy to achieve the best translation quality under arbitrary latency with only one trained model. Specifically, our method employs multi-head attention to accomplish the mixture of experts where each head is treated as a wait-k expert with its own waiting words number, and given a test latency and source inputs, the weights of the experts are accordingly adjusted to produce the best translation. Experiments on three datasets show that our method outperforms all the strong baselines under different latency, including the state-of-the-art adaptive policy.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in MoE large language models, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 29 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Sep 2021.
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29 of 51 references.
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Other references · 28
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- 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,790
- 2019fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modelingcited by 1,486
- 2013Learning Factored Representations in a Deep Mixture of Expertscited by 275
- 2018Deterministic Non-Autoregressive Neural Sequence Modeling by Iterative Refinementcited by 194
- 2017Towards Robust Neural Networks via Random Self-ensemblecited by 158
- 2019Monotonic Infinite Lookback Attention for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 103
- 2016Learning to Translate in Real-time with Neural Machine Translationcited by 97
- 2019Monotonic Multihead Attentioncited by 91
- 2016Can neural machine translation do simultaneous translation?cited by 85
- 2017Online and Linear-Time Attention by Enforcing Monotonic Alignmentscited by 85
16 more
- 2019Mixture Models for Diverse Machine Translation: Tricks of the Tradecited by 77
- 2020Efficient Wait-k Models for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 59
- 2018Incremental Decoding and Training Methods for Simultaneous Translation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 51
- 2020Simultaneous Translation Policies: From Fixed to Adaptivecited by 42
- 2019Simpler and Faster Learning of Adaptive Policies for Simultaneous Translationcited by 36
- 2018Multi-Head Attention with Disagreement Regularizationcited by 35
- 2020End-to-End Speech-Translation with Knowledge Distillation: FBK@IWSLT2020cited by 31
- 2020Future-Guided Incremental Transformer for Simultaneous Translationcited by 30
- 2019Mixture Content Selection for Diverse Sequence Generationcited by 27
- 2019Simultaneous Translation with Flexible Policy via Restricted Imitation Learningcited by 22
- 2020A Mixture of h-1 Heads is Better than h Headscited by 22
- 2018Sequence to Sequence Mixture Model for Diverse Machine Translationcited by 13
- 2020Fluent and Low-latency Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Self-adaptive Trainingcited by 10
- 2020ON-TRAC Consortium for End-to-End and Simultaneous Speech Translation Challenge Tasks at IWSLT 2020cited by 9
- 2017Coupled Ensembles of Neural Networkscited by 8
- 2020Neural Simultaneous Speech Translation Using Alignment-Based Chunkingcited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
32 papers.
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- 2022Information-Transport-based Policy for Simultaneous Translationcited by 40
- 2024TransLLaMa: LLM-based Simultaneous Translation Systemcited by 34
- 2023Hidden Markov Transformer for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 24
- 2023End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation with Differentiable Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022Modeling Dual Read/Write Paths for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 21
- 2024StreamSpeech: Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Multi-task Learningcited by 20
- 2022Gaussian Multi-head Attention for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 17
- 2025Stream-Omni: Simultaneous Multimodal Interactions with Large Language-Vision-Speech Modelcited by 17
- 2022Reducing Position Bias in Simultaneous Machine Translation with Length-Aware Frameworkcited by 16
- 2022Wait-info Policy: Balancing Source and Target at Information Level for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2023Learning Optimal Policy for Simultaneous Machine Translation via Binary Searchcited by 15
- 2022Turning Fixed to Adaptive: Integrating Post-Evaluation into Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 14
20 more
- 2024SiLLM: Large Language Models for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 13
- 2023Non-autoregressive Streaming Transformer for Simultaneous Translationcited by 12
- 2024Decoder-only Streaming Transformer for Simultaneous Translationcited by 11
- 2023Glancing Future for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 10
- 2023Simultaneous Machine Translation with Tailored Referencecited by 9
- 2023Adapting Offline Speech Translation Models for Streaming with Future-Aware Distillation and Inferencecited by 6
- 2023Unified Segment-to-Segment Framework for Simultaneous Sequence Generationcited by 6
- 2024Self-Modifying State Modeling for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2025LLMs Can Achieve High-quality Simultaneous Machine Translation as Efficiently as Offlinecited by 5
- 2023LEAPT: Learning Adaptive Prefix-to-prefix Translation For Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 4
- 2024Simultaneous Interpretation Corpus Construction by Large Language Models in Distant Language Paircited by 3
- 2025Spatial Speech Translation: Translating Across Space With Binaural Hearablescited by 3
- 2023Enhanced Simultaneous Machine Translation with Word-level Policiescited by 2
- 2024Agent-SiMT: Agent-assisted Simultaneous Machine Translation with Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Fixed and Adaptive Simultaneous Machine Translation Strategies Using Adapterscited by 2
- 2022A Major Obstacle for NLP Research: Let's Talk about Time Allocation!cited by 1
- 2023CBSiMT: Mitigating Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translation with Weighted Prefix-to-Prefix Trainingcited by 1
- 2024On the Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 1
- 2023Context Consistency between Training and Testing in Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 0
- 2026Dual-Stream Simultaneous Translation via 2D Grid Attentioncited by 0
- 2026Dual-Stream Simultaneous Translation via 2D Grid Attention28 Sep 2026
- 2025Stream-Omni: Simultaneous Multimodal Interactions with Large Language-Vision-Speech Model16 Jun 2025
- 2025Spatial Speech Translation: Translating Across Space With Binaural Hearables25 Apr 2025
- 2025LLMs Can Achieve High-quality Simultaneous Machine Translation as Efficiently as Offline13 Apr 2025
- 2024Fixed and Adaptive Simultaneous Machine Translation Strategies Using Adapters18 Jul 2024
- 2024On the Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translation11 Jun 2024
- 2024Agent-SiMT: Agent-assisted Simultaneous Machine Translation with Large Language Models11 Jun 2024
- 2024Decoder-only Streaming Transformer for Simultaneous Translation6 Jun 2024
- 2024StreamSpeech: Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Multi-task Learning5 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-Modifying State Modeling for Simultaneous Machine Translation4 Jun 2024
- 2024Simultaneous Interpretation Corpus Construction by Large Language Models in Distant Language Pair18 Apr 2024
- 2024SiLLM: Large Language Models for Simultaneous Machine Translation20 Feb 2024
20 more
- 2024TransLLaMa: LLM-based Simultaneous Translation System7 Feb 2024
- 2023Context Consistency between Training and Testing in Simultaneous Machine Translation13 Nov 2023
- 2023CBSiMT: Mitigating Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translation with Weighted Prefix-to-Prefix Training7 Nov 2023
- 2023Unified Segment-to-Segment Framework for Simultaneous Sequence Generation27 Oct 2023
- 2023Enhanced Simultaneous Machine Translation with Word-level Policies25 Oct 2023
- 2023Non-autoregressive Streaming Transformer for Simultaneous Translation23 Oct 2023
- 2023Simultaneous Machine Translation with Tailored Reference20 Oct 2023
- 2023Glancing Future for Simultaneous Machine Translation12 Sep 2023
- 2023End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation with Differentiable Segmentation25 May 2023
- 2023Learning Optimal Policy for Simultaneous Machine Translation via Binary Search22 May 2023
- 2023LEAPT: Learning Adaptive Prefix-to-prefix Translation For Simultaneous Machine Translation21 Mar 2023
- 2023Adapting Offline Speech Translation Models for Streaming with Future-Aware Distillation and Inference14 Mar 2023
- 2023Hidden Markov Transformer for Simultaneous Machine Translation1 Mar 2023
- 2022A Major Obstacle for NLP Research: Let's Talk about Time Allocation!30 Nov 2022
- 2022Information-Transport-based Policy for Simultaneous Translation22 Oct 2022
- 2022Turning Fixed to Adaptive: Integrating Post-Evaluation into Simultaneous Machine Translation21 Oct 2022
- 2022Wait-info Policy: Balancing Source and Target at Information Level for Simultaneous Machine Translation20 Oct 2022
- 2022Modeling Dual Read/Write Paths for Simultaneous Machine Translation17 Mar 2022
- 2022Gaussian Multi-head Attention for Simultaneous Machine Translation17 Mar 2022
- 2022Reducing Position Bias in Simultaneous Machine Translation with Length-Aware Framework17 Mar 2022
- 2022Information-Transport-based Policy for Simultaneous Translationcited by 40
- 2024TransLLaMa: LLM-based Simultaneous Translation Systemcited by 34
- 2023Hidden Markov Transformer for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 24
- 2023End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation with Differentiable Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022Modeling Dual Read/Write Paths for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 21
- 2024StreamSpeech: Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Multi-task Learningcited by 20
- 2022Gaussian Multi-head Attention for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 17
- 2022Reducing Position Bias in Simultaneous Machine Translation with Length-Aware Frameworkcited by 16
- 2022Wait-info Policy: Balancing Source and Target at Information Level for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2023Learning Optimal Policy for Simultaneous Machine Translation via Binary Searchcited by 15
- 2022Turning Fixed to Adaptive: Integrating Post-Evaluation into Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 14
- 2024SiLLM: Large Language Models for Simultaneous Machine Translationcited by 13
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026Dual-Stream Simultaneous Translation via 2D Grid Attention28 Sep 2026
- 2025Spatial Speech Translation: Translating Across Space With Binaural Hearables25 Apr 2025
- 2025LLMs Can Achieve High-quality Simultaneous Machine Translation as Efficiently as Offline13 Apr 2025
- 2024Fixed and Adaptive Simultaneous Machine Translation Strategies Using Adapters18 Jul 2024
- 2024On the Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translation11 Jun 2024
- 2024Decoder-only Streaming Transformer for Simultaneous Translation6 Jun 2024
- 2024StreamSpeech: Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Multi-task Learning5 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-Modifying State Modeling for Simultaneous Machine Translation4 Jun 2024
- 2024Simultaneous Interpretation Corpus Construction by Large Language Models in Distant Language Pair18 Apr 2024
- 2024SiLLM: Large Language Models for Simultaneous Machine Translation20 Feb 2024
- 2024TransLLaMa: LLM-based Simultaneous Translation System7 Feb 2024
- 2023Context Consistency between Training and Testing in Simultaneous Machine Translation13 Nov 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)
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- 2026Reference-Free Post-Training of Open Large Language Models for Multilingual Machine Translation
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- 2023Towards Being Parameter-Efficient: A Stratified Sparsely Activated Transformer with Dynamic Capacity
- 2021Beyond Distillation: Task-level Mixture-of-Experts for Efficient Inference