mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ConvMLP: Hierarchical Convolutional MLPs for Vision

arXiv 2109.04454 ↗First posted 9 Sep 2021cs.CVcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

MLP-based architectures, which consist of a sequence of consecutive multi-layer perceptron blocks, have recently been found to reach comparable results to convolutional and transformer-based methods. However, most adopt spatial MLPs which take fixed dimension inputs, therefore making it difficult to apply them to downstream tasks, such as object detection and semantic segmentation. Moreover, single-stage designs further limit performance in other computer vision tasks and fully connected layers bear heavy computation. To tackle these problems, we propose ConvMLP: a hierarchical Convolutional MLP for visual recognition, which is a light-weight, stage-wise, co-design of convolution layers, and MLPs. In particular, ConvMLP-S achieves 76.8% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1k with 9M parameters and 2.4G MACs (15% and 19% of MLP-Mixer-B/16, respectively). Experiments on object detection and semantic segmentation further show that visual representation learned by ConvMLP can be seamlessly transferred and achieve competitive results with fewer parameters. Our code and pre-trained models are publicly available at https://github.com/SHI-Labs/Convolutional-MLPs.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Sep 2021.

Builds on

35 of 50 references.

References · 35

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  4. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  5. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  6. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  7. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
  8. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  9. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
  10. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  11. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,155
  12. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
23 more
  1. 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,773
  2. 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,560
  3. 2017MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applicationscited by 3,827
  4. 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,431
  5. 2019CutMix: Regularization Strategy to Train Strong Classifiers with Localizable Featurescited by 2,875
  6. 2019RandAugment: Practical automated data augmentation with a reduced search spacecited by 2,261
  7. 2019Searching for MobileNetV3cited by 1,984
  8. 2021Pyramid Vision Transformer: A Versatile Backbone for Dense Prediction without Convolutionscited by 1,960
  9. 2021MLP-Mixer: An all-MLP Architecture for Visioncited by 1,441
  10. 2019MMDetection: Open MMLab Detection Toolbox and Benchmarkcited by 1,379
  11. 2018ShuffleNet V2: Practical Guidelines for Efficient CNN Architecture Designcited by 1,132
  12. 2021Tokens-to-Token ViT: Training Vision Transformers from Scratch on ImageNetcited by 1,096
  13. 2020Designing Network Design Spacescited by 954
  14. 2019Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networkscited by 644
  15. 2021Pay Attention to MLPscited by 367
  16. 2021ResMLP: Feedforward networks for image classification with data-efficient trainingcited by 338
  17. 2021Escaping the Big Data Paradigm with Compact Transformerscited by 261
  18. 2021CycleMLP: A MLP-like Architecture for Dense Predictioncited by 126
  19. 2021Shuffle Transformer: Rethinking Spatial Shuffle for Vision Transformercited by 115
  20. 2021Vision Permutator: A Permutable MLP-Like Architecture for Visual Recognitioncited by 103
  21. 2021AS-MLP: An Axial Shifted MLP Architecture for Visioncited by 101
  22. 2021S2-MLP: Spatial-Shift MLP Architecture for Visioncited by 83
  23. 2021Hire-MLP: Vision MLP via Hierarchical Rearrangementcited by 66

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.

37 papers.

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  1. 2022CMX: Cross-Modal Fusion for RGB-X Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 229
  2. 2021PointMixer: MLP-Mixer for Point Cloud Understandingcited by 71
  3. 2021Are we ready for a new paradigm shift? A Survey on Visual Deep MLPcited by 63
  4. 2022DynaMixer: A Vision MLP Architecture with Dynamic Mixingcited by 28
  5. 2023DiffI2I: Efficient Diffusion Model for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 24
  6. 2021UniNet: Unified Architecture Search with Convolution, Transformer, and MLPcited by 23
  7. 2023SeaFormer++: Squeeze-enhanced Axial Transformer for Mobile Visual Recognitioncited by 18
  8. 2024Efficient Modulation for Vision Networkscited by 16
  9. 2025Two-stream Beats One-stream: Asymmetric Siamese Network for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 15
  10. 2022LKD-Net: Large Kernel Convolution Network for Single Image Dehazingcited by 13
  11. 2022Interpretable part-whole hierarchies and conceptual-semantic relationships in neural networkscited by 11
  12. 2023U-MixFormer: UNet-like Transformer with Mix-Attention for Efficient Semantic Segmentationcited by 8
25 more
  1. 2024MERaLiON-AudioLLM: Bridging Audio and Language with Large Language Modelscited by 7
  2. 2022Mixing and Shifting: Exploiting Global and Local Dependencies in Vision MLPscited by 6
  3. 2023Full-resolution MLPs Empower Medical Dense Predictioncited by 6
  4. 2021SWAT: Spatial Structure Within and Among Tokenscited by 4
  5. 2022PI-Trans: Parallel-ConvMLP and Implicit-Transformation Based GAN for Cross-View Image Translationcited by 4
  6. 2023Caterpillar: A Pure-MLP Architecture with Shifted-Pillars-Concatenationcited by 4
  7. 2024Efficient Image Deblurring Networks based on Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  8. 2024MacFormer: Semantic Segmentation with Fine Object Boundariescited by 3
  9. 2024Fuse Before Transfer: Knowledge Fusion for Heterogeneous Distillationcited by 3
  10. 2022MDMLP: Image Classification from Scratch on Small Datasets with MLPcited by 2
  11. 2023AOP-Net: All-in-One Perception Network for Joint LiDAR-based 3D Object Detection and Panoptic Segmentationcited by 2
  12. 2024SCASeg: Strip Cross-Attention for Efficient Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
  13. 2025Image Recognition with Online Lightweight Vision Transformer: A Surveycited by 2
  14. 2023Computationally Efficient 3D MRI Reconstruction with Adaptive MLPcited by 1
  15. 2024SpiralMLP: A Lightweight Vision MLP Architecturecited by 1
  16. 2025ContextFormer: Redefining Efficiency in Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
  17. 2025LeMoRe: Learn More Details for Lightweight Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
  18. 2026Lost in the Hype: Revealing and Dissecting the Performance Degradation of Medical Multimodal Large Language Models in Image Classificationcited by 1
  19. 2026LALE: Lightweight-Transformer Architecture for Land-Cover Estimationcited by 1
  20. 2022UniNet: Unified Architecture Search with Convolution, Transformer, and MLPcited by 0
  21. 2022SplitMixer: Fat Trimmed From MLP-like Modelscited by 0
  22. 2023Dynamic Spectrum Mixer for Visual Recognitioncited by 0
  23. 2026Human-inspired Global-to-Parallel Multi-scale Encoding for Lightweight Vision Modelscited by 0
  24. 2026SFKD: Spatial--Frequency Joint-Aware Heterogeneous Knowledge Distillation via Multi-Level Wavelet Spectral Interactioncited by 0
  25. 2026When Simplicity Wins: Bottleneck-Aware Context Modeling for Lightweight Semantic Segmentationcited by 0