mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Trojan Signatures in DNN Weights

arXiv 2109.02836 ↗First posted 7 Sep 2021cs.LGcited by 15

On the map: LLM safety and security → Backdoor and data poisoning attacks

Abstract (arXiv)

Deep neural networks have been shown to be vulnerable to backdoor, or trojan, attacks where an adversary has embedded a trigger in the network at training time such that the model correctly classifies all standard inputs, but generates a targeted, incorrect classification on any input which contains the trigger. In this paper, we present the first ultra light-weight and highly effective trojan detection method that does not require access to the training/test data, does not involve any expensive computations, and makes no assumptions on the nature of the trojan trigger. Our approach focuses on analysis of the weights of the final, linear layer of the network. We empirically demonstrate several characteristics of these weights that occur frequently in trojaned networks, but not in benign networks. In particular, we show that the distribution of the weights associated with the trojan target class is clearly distinguishable from the weights associated with other classes. Using this, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed detection method against state-of-the-art attacks across a variety of architectures, datasets, and trigger types.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Backdoor and data poisoning attacks, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 7 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.

Builds on

7 of 17 references.

References · 7

  1. 2017BadNets: Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Machine Learning Model Supply Chaincited by 1,052
  2. 2019STRIP: A Defence Against Trojan Attacks on Deep Neural Networkscited by 437
  3. 2018Detecting Backdoor Attacks on Deep Neural Networks by Activation Clusteringcited by 429
  4. 2020Practical Detection of Trojan Neural Networks: Data-Limited and Data-Free Casescited by 93
  5. 2020The TrojAI Software Framework: An OpenSource tool for Embedding Trojans into Deep Learning Modelscited by 41
  6. 2019Februus: Input Purification Defense Against Trojan Attacks on Deep Neural Network Systemscited by 26
  7. 2020CLEANN: Accelerated Trojan Shield for Embedded Neural Networkscited by 22

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

15 papers.

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