Trojan Signatures in DNN Weights
On the map: LLM safety and security → Backdoor and data poisoning attacks
Abstract (arXiv)
Deep neural networks have been shown to be vulnerable to backdoor, or trojan, attacks where an adversary has embedded a trigger in the network at training time such that the model correctly classifies all standard inputs, but generates a targeted, incorrect classification on any input which contains the trigger. In this paper, we present the first ultra light-weight and highly effective trojan detection method that does not require access to the training/test data, does not involve any expensive computations, and makes no assumptions on the nature of the trojan trigger. Our approach focuses on analysis of the weights of the final, linear layer of the network. We empirically demonstrate several characteristics of these weights that occur frequently in trojaned networks, but not in benign networks. In particular, we show that the distribution of the weights associated with the trojan target class is clearly distinguishable from the weights associated with other classes. Using this, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed detection method against state-of-the-art attacks across a variety of architectures, datasets, and trigger types.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Backdoor and data poisoning attacks, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 7 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.
Builds on
7 of 17 references.
References · 7
- 2017BadNets: Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Machine Learning Model Supply Chaincited by 1,052
- 2019STRIP: A Defence Against Trojan Attacks on Deep Neural Networkscited by 437
- 2018Detecting Backdoor Attacks on Deep Neural Networks by Activation Clusteringcited by 429
- 2020Practical Detection of Trojan Neural Networks: Data-Limited and Data-Free Casescited by 93
- 2020The TrojAI Software Framework: An OpenSource tool for Embedding Trojans into Deep Learning Modelscited by 41
- 2019Februus: Input Purification Defense Against Trojan Attacks on Deep Neural Network Systemscited by 26
- 2020CLEANN: Accelerated Trojan Shield for Embedded Neural Networkscited by 22
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
15 papers.
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- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challengescited by 14
- 2022Towards A Critical Evaluation of Robustness for Deep Learning Backdoor Countermeasurescited by 11
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Modelscited by 11
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defensecited by 7
- 2024Rethinking Backdoor Detection Evaluation for Language Modelscited by 6
- 2023Gradient Shaping: Enhancing Backdoor Attack Against Reverse Engineeringcited by 4
- 2021NTD: Non-Transferability Enabled Backdoor Detectioncited by 3
- 2022An Adaptive Black-box Backdoor Detection Method for Deep Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2024Trojan Cleansing with Neural Collapsecited by 1
- 2024On Trojan Signatures in Large Language Models of Codecited by 0
- 2024Solving Trojan Detection Competitions with Linear Weight Classificationcited by 0
3 more
- 2026Fast and Lightweight Backdoor Detection via Head Random Probing17 May 2026
- 2026Lightweight and Fast Backdoor Model Detection17 May 2026
- 2025MergeGuard: Efficient Thwarting of Trojan Attacks in Machine Learning Models6 May 2025
- 2024Trojan Cleansing with Neural Collapse19 Nov 2024
- 2024Solving Trojan Detection Competitions with Linear Weight Classification5 Nov 2024
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challenges30 Sep 2024
- 2024Rethinking Backdoor Detection Evaluation for Language Models31 Aug 2024
- 2024On Trojan Signatures in Large Language Models of Code23 Feb 2024
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Survey13 Dec 2023
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defense1 Oct 2023
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Models7 Aug 2023
- 2023Gradient Shaping: Enhancing Backdoor Attack Against Reverse Engineering29 Jan 2023
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challengescited by 14
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Modelscited by 11
- 2024Trojan Cleansing with Neural Collapsecited by 1
- 2024Solving Trojan Detection Competitions with Linear Weight Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Trojan Cleansing with Neural Collapse19 Nov 2024
- 2024Solving Trojan Detection Competitions with Linear Weight Classification5 Nov 2024
- 2024Mitigating Backdoor Threats to Large Language Models: Advancement and Challenges30 Sep 2024
- 2023TIJO: Trigger Inversion with Joint Optimization for Defending Multimodal Backdoored Models7 Aug 2023
- 2024Rethinking Backdoor Detection Evaluation for Language Models31 Aug 2024
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2022Towards A Critical Evaluation of Robustness for Deep Learning Backdoor Countermeasurescited by 11
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defensecited by 7
- 2023Gradient Shaping: Enhancing Backdoor Attack Against Reverse Engineeringcited by 4
- 2021NTD: Non-Transferability Enabled Backdoor Detectioncited by 3
- 2022An Adaptive Black-box Backdoor Detection Method for Deep Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2024On Trojan Signatures in Large Language Models of Codecited by 0
- 2025MergeGuard: Efficient Thwarting of Trojan Attacks in Machine Learning Modelscited by 0
- 2026Lightweight and Fast Backdoor Model Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Fast and Lightweight Backdoor Detection via Head Random Probingcited by 0
- 2026Fast and Lightweight Backdoor Detection via Head Random Probing17 May 2026
- 2026Lightweight and Fast Backdoor Model Detection17 May 2026
- 2025MergeGuard: Efficient Thwarting of Trojan Attacks in Machine Learning Models6 May 2025
- 2024On Trojan Signatures in Large Language Models of Code23 Feb 2024
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Survey13 Dec 2023
- 2023Watch Out! Simple Horizontal Class Backdoor Can Trivially Evade Defense1 Oct 2023
- 2023Gradient Shaping: Enhancing Backdoor Attack Against Reverse Engineering29 Jan 2023
- 2022Towards A Critical Evaluation of Robustness for Deep Learning Backdoor Countermeasures13 Apr 2022
- 2022An Adaptive Black-box Backdoor Detection Method for Deep Neural Networks8 Apr 2022
- 2021NTD: Non-Transferability Enabled Backdoor Detection22 Nov 2021